Fatty isolation

HisN03,(CH3)3N + -CH2 CH0H CH2C00-. Isolated from skeletal muscle. It acts as a carrier for ethanoyl groups and fatty acyl groups across the mitochondrial membrane during the biosynthesis or oxidation of fatty acids. 

Arachidonic acid gets its name from arachidic acid the saturated C20 fatty acid isolated from peanut (Arachts hypogaea) oil... 

Description of Method. Copper and zinc are isolated by digesting tissue samples after extracting any fatty tissue. The concentration of copper and zinc in the supernatant are determined by atomic absorption using an air-acetylene flame. 

The higher alcohols occur in minor quantities primarily as the wax ester (ester of a fatty alcohol and a fatty acid) in many oilseed and marine sources. Free alcohols octacosanol [557-61-9] C2gH gO, and triacontanol [28351-05-5] have been isolated in very small amounts from sugarcane and its... 

These alkaloids include the substituted pyridone ricinine [524-40-3] (53), CgHgN202, which is easily isolated in high yield as the only alkaloid from the castor bean (Ricinus communis L.). The castor bean is also the source of castor oil (qv), which is obtained by pressing the castor bean and, rich in fatty acids, has served as a gentie cathartic. 

Naphthoquiaomycias A (67) and B (68) are isolated from Streptomyces S-1998 (223) and the stmctures for (67) and (68) assigned on the basis of spectral data. Naphthoquiaomycias A and B inhibit fatty acid synthesis ia E. coli. Actamycia (69) is obtaiaed from Streptomyces sp. EJ784 and its stmcture arrived at on the basis of spectral data and degradation studies (224,225). 

The quaHty, ie, level of impurities, of the fats and oils used in the manufacture of soap is important in the production of commercial products. Fats and oils are isolated from various animal and vegetable sources and contain different intrinsic impurities. These impurities may include hydrolysis products of the triglyceride, eg, fatty acid and mono/diglycerides proteinaceous materials and particulate dirt, eg, bone meal and various vitamins, pigments, phosphatides, and sterols, ie, cholesterol and tocopherol as weU as less descript odor and color bodies. These impurities affect the physical properties such as odor and color of the fats and oils and can cause additional degradation of the fats and oils upon storage. For commercial soaps, it is desirable to keep these impurities at the absolute minimum for both storage stabiHty and finished product quaHty considerations. 

Sulfoxides occur widely in small concentrations in plant and animal tissues, eg, aHyl vinyl sulfoxide [81898-53-5] in garlic oil and 2,2 -sulfinylbisethanol [3085-45-8] as fatty esters in the adrenal cortex (1,2). Homologous methyl sulfinyl alkyl isothiocyanates, which are represented by the formula CH3SO(CH2) NCS, where n = 3 [37791-20-1], 4 [4478-93-7], 5 [646-23-1], 8 [75272-81-0], 9 [39036-83-4], or 10 [39036-84-5], have been isolated from a number of mustard oils in which they occur as glucosides (3). Two methylsulfinyl amino acids have also been reported methionine sulfoxide [454-41-1] from cockroaches and the sulfoxide of i -methylcysteine, 3-(methylsulfinyl)alaiiine [4740-94-7]. The latter is the dominant sulfur-containing amino acid in turnips and may account in part for their characteristic odor (4). 

Cysteine [52-90 ] is a thiol-bearing amino acid which is readily isolated from the hydrolysis of protein. There ate only small amounts of cysteine and its disulfide, cystine, in living tissue (7). Glutathione [70-18-8] contains a mercaptomethyl group, HSCH2, and is a commonly found tripeptide in plants and animals. Coenzyme A [85-61-0] is another naturally occurring thiol that plays a central role in the synthesis and degradation of fatty acids. 

Biosynthesis of coen2yme A (CoA) ia mammalian cells incorporates pantothenic acid. Coen2yme A, an acyl group carrier, is a cofactor for various en2ymatic reactions and serves as either a hydrogen donor or an acceptor. Pantothenic acid is also a stmctural component of acyl carrier protein (AGP). AGP is an essential component of the fatty acid synthetase complex, and is therefore requited for fatty acid synthesis. Free pantothenic acid is isolated from hver, and is a pale yeUow, viscous, and hygroscopic oil. 

Provitamin D. Provitamin is made from cholesterol, and its commercial production begias with the isolation of cholesterol from one of its natural sources. Cholesterol occurs ia many animals, and is generally extracted from wool grease obtained by washing wool after it is sheared from sheep. This grease is a mixture of fatty-acid esters, which contain ca 15 wt % cholesterol. The alcohol fraction is obtained after saponification, and the cholesterol is separated, usually by complexation with 2iac chloride, followed by decomplexation and crystallisation. Cholesterol can also be extracted from the spiaal cords and brains of animals, especially catde, and from fish oils. 

Although vegetable oils and animals fats were commonly used in ancient times, most higher acids were not known until the beginning of the nineteenth century. Then the nature of the naturally occurring 18-carbon fatty acids was estabHshed, and hundreds of long-chain fatty acids have been isolated from natural sources and characterized. 

Choline was isolated from ox bile in 1849 by Strecker. During 1900 to 1920, observations led to interest in the vasodepressor properties of the esters of choline, and in the 1920s it was shown that acetylcholine was presumably the "vagus-substance." The nutritional importance of choline was recognized in the 1930s, when it was found that choline would prevent fatty infiltration of the Hver in rats. Subsequent observations showed that choline deficiency could produce cirrhosis (1) or hemorrhagic kidneys (2) in experimental animals under various conditions. 

Trees, especially conifers, contain tall oils. Tall oil is not isolated dkecfly tall oil fatty acids are isolated from the soaps generated as a by-product of the sulfate pulping process for making paper. Refined tall oil fatty acids are obtained by acidification of the soaps, followed by fractional distillation to separate the fatty acids from the rosin acids and terpene hydrocarbons that also are present in the cmde tall oil fatty acids (see Carboxylic acids Fatty ACIDS FROMTALL OIL). 

J iivj.lrric. -lid/i/ii/de.—Traces ol Ibis fatty aldehyde fhH CHO have been isolated, and recognised bv its thiosomiearbazQne. melllQ at 49° to oJ -. 

Strehler, B. L., and Cormier, M. J. (1954). Isolation, identification, and function of long chain fatty aldehydes affecting the bacterial luciferin-luciferase reaction. J. Biol. Chem. 211 213-225. 

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