Fatty earth

Ordinary sulphur is composed of an acid and this terra secunda or fatty earth, and it is the content of this earth which makes any substance combustible. Combustion is the separation of the burning substance by fire into heterogenous parts, but the fatty earth is not alone sufficient for combustion, for saline parts must cooperate. From the baser metals, a volatile part is driven off by fire. As to the gain in weight of metals upon calcination, Becher attributes this, as do Boyle and Lemery, to absorption of fire material. 

It is difficult to see in the characteristics and properties of the three earths of Becher any substantial improvement on the tria prima of Paracelsus and his successors, other than the avoidance of the use of the three names which were in common use in two different meanings. For the three principles of that name, as chemists of that school took great pains constantly to explain, were not the same as the common substances so named. Nevertheless, the new name terra pinguis or fatty earth for the older sulphur, as the substance which departs in combustion, certainly gave the stimulus which incited Stahl and his followers to develop the influential phlogistic hypothesis and Becher thus played a not unimportant part in the history of chemical theory. 

In 1667, Johann Becher (1635-1681), a chemist interested in the origins of metals, published Physicae subterraneae. He argued that there were three earths terra fluida (mercurious earth), terra lapidea (vitreous earth), and terra pinguis (fatty earth). It was terra pinguis that produced combustible... 

The Rootmoisture is also called a fatty Earth, because it is an oily Golddust, a fatty red Powder, a thick Water or Oil, this the Philosophers quite often call the sulphuric incombustible fixed red Lilysap, or sometimes it is also called a Maccabean Fire. 

This idea was taken up by his pupil Georg Ernst Stahl (1660 - 1734), who further developed this idea and came up with a theory to explain the process of combustion. To the fatty earth, Stahl gave the name phlogiston f)rotn the Greek word for "burned" or "inflammable". 

In his 1664 Oedipus chimicus (see Figure 162). Becher describes his early concepts of the elementary composition of matter. His most famous work is his 1669 book commonly referred to as the Physica subterranead ° In this work, Becher argued that air, water, and earth constituted the true elements with air being an instrument of mixing. Metals and stones were said by Becher to be composed of three earths terra vitrescible (glassy earth—the substance of subterranean matter), terra pinguis (fatty earth—combustibility) and terra fluida (odor, volatility, and other subtle properties). Becher concluded that all substances that... 

Becher (1635-82), tried to rationalize this notion further, by introducing a new name. He imagined solids to be composed of three kinds of earth. One of these he called terra pinguis ( fatty earth ), and felt this to be the principle of inflammability. 

It had long been regarded as self-evident that combustion represented the decomposition of a material into simpler substances. In 1669 Becher combined this idea with his suggestion that all bodies were composed of air, water and three earths, which he called terra pinguis, terra mercurialis and terra lapidea (fatty earth, mercurial earth and stony earth). Becher proposed that terra pinguis escaped when combustion occurred. 

In early saltpeter production a nitrous earth was essential. This was the result of the decay of organic and animal matter over a long period. Such decomposition, in the presence of potassium and calcium carbonate, formed potassium and calcium nitrate. According to Agricola [11.6] this slightly fatty earth with an acrid and salty taste , was mixed in a vat with a powder made up of ashes from oak together with unslaked Kme. Water was poured in to fill the vat. The calcium nitrate present in the earth reacted with the potassium carbonate in the oak ash to form potassium nitrate ... 

Carboxylate soaps are most commonly formed through either direct or indirect reaction of aqueous caustic soda, ie, alkaH earth metal hydroxides such as NaOH, with fats and oils from natural sources, ie, triglycerides. Fats and oils are typically composed of both saturated and unsaturated fatty acid molecules containing between 8 and 20 carbons randomly linked through ester bonds to a glycerol [56-81-5] backbone. Overall, the reaction of caustic with triglyceride yields glycerol (qv) and soap in a reaction known as saponification. The reaction is shown in equation 1. 

Admixtures are sometimes used to reduce permeabiUty of concrete (80—82). These iaclude pore-filling materials such as chalk. Fuller s earth, or talc water repellents such as mineral oil, asphalt, or wax emulsions organic polymers (acryflc latexes, epoxies) and salts of fatty acids, especially stearates. 

Fatty-acid soaps Alkali, alkaline earth, and other metal soaps sodium stearate aluminum stearate Gear oils paper stock paper sizing glue solutions... 

Heimann and Vogtle [38] synthesized triesters of glycerol with different ether carboxylic acids with a short alkyl chain. They have found that these hydrophilic lipids, in contrast with the fatty acid glycerol triesters, give complex-ation with alkali and alkali earth metal cations in an analogy of crown ethers. 

Many compositions involve environmentally dangerous products, such as chromates, fatty amines of high molecular weights, imidazolines, etc. The use of some of the alternatives, for instance, polyphosphate or polyphosphonate, is limited because they precipitate in the presence of the salts of alkaline earth metals or because of their high costs. 

The use of SPE with porous materials such as alumina, diatomaceous earth, Horisil and silica for the cleanup of fat-soluble organochlorine pesticides in fatty foods such as meat, flsh, shellfish, milk and vegetable oils has been well documented. The choice of elution solvents is critical because relatively small amounts of lipid in the final extract can cause rapid deterioration of GC capillary columns and also contaminate the gas chromatograph. A number of workers have used a porous material in tandem with Cig to effect an improved cleanup.Di Mucchio employed a multicartridge system comprising Extrelut, silica and Cig to extract organophosphorus pesticides from oils and fatty extracts. Relatively few literature applications include the pyrethroids, but Ramesh and Balasubramanian reported a simple carbon-based SPE method for the analysis of pyrethroids in vegetable oil. 

Fatty acids, their glycerides and other esters, including fats, waxes and oils such as mineral and vegetable oils fatty alkylamines and acylamides. Alkaline earth metal or aluminium salts of fatty acids tend to leave deposits on machinery [536]. 

The term chemical evolution" was introduced by the Nobel Prize winner Melvin Calvin and refers to the process of the synthesis of biochemically important molecules from small molecules and certain chemical elements under the (hypothetical) conditions present on prebiotic Earth. It is assumed that the smaller building block molecules such as amino acids, fatty acids or nucleobases were formed initially, and that these underwent polycondensation to give macromolecules in later stages of development. 

Among the precipitants employed were tannic acid, tartar emetic, rosin soaps, fatty acid (stearic, oleic) soaps, sulphonated oils (Turkey red oil), earth lakes (mixed natural silicates), phosphates, casein and arsenious acid. The fastness properties of these pigments... 

Biodiesel is a mixture of methyl esters of fatty acids and is produced from vegetable oils by transesterification with methanol (Fig. 10.1). For every three moles of methyl esters one mole of glycerol is produced as a by-product, which is roughly 10 wt.% of the total product. Transesterification is usually catalyzed with base catalysts but there are also processes with acid catalysts. The base catalysts are the hydroxides and alkoxides of alkaline and alkaline earth metals. The acid catalysts are hydrochloride, sulfuric or sulfonic acid. Some metal-based catalysts can also be exploited, such as titanium alcoholates or oxides of tin, magnesium and zinc. All these catalyst acts as homogeneous catalysts and need to be removed from the product [16, 17]. The advantages of biodiesel as fuel are transportability, heat content (80% of diesel fuel), ready availability and renewability. The... 

Fatty acid, MRNi hydrogenation, 32 243-245 Faujasites, 34 160-183 acidic sites, 27 151-154 alkaline and rare earth forms, 27 160-165 amine titration, 27 163 infrared smdies, 27 160-163 surface acidity and catalytic activity, 27 163-165... 

In the fatty acid distillation process, wastewater is generated as a result of an acidification process, which breaks the emulsion. This wastewater is neutralized and sent to the sewer. It will contain salt from the neutralization, zinc and alkaline earth metal salts from the fat splitting catalyst, and emulsified fatty acids and fatty acid polymers. 

Fluorine is found in nature as mineral fluorides, and it is the most abundant halogen in the Earth s crust. Thus, it is rather surprising that less than 15 fluorinated organic molecules have been isolated from plants. They are aU secondary metabolites of fluoroacetate. Among these compounds, all monofluorinated, half are composed of (w-fluorinated homologues of fatty acids. ... 

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