Fatty acids wheat extracts

Details for a manufacture of 10 ton/week are given. It was pointed out that the reaction is reversible and that an enzymatic synthesis of fat from glycerol and fatty acid was described by Welter in 1911 (Ullmann, 1914). For the chill-proofing of beer proteolytic enzymes have been used successfully since 1911 in the USA (Tauber, 1949). Lintner, as early as 1890, observed that wheat diastase interacts in dough making. This effect was extensively studied, the addition of malt extract came into practice, and American bakers in 1922 used 30 million pounds of malt extract valued 2.5 million dollars (Tauber, 1949). The production of pectinases began around 1930 for use in the fruit industiy (Schweizerische Ferment, now part of Novo Nordisk). 

In many cases, food crops are exploited to provide abundant sources of carbohydrates and oils that are then diverted to industrial uses, for example corn, potatoes and wheat for starch, and oilseed rape and sunflower for oil. In other cases, nonedible crops are commercialised primarily for specific industrial or medicinal use, where examples include linseed, castor bean and rubber palm. Where plants are commercialised for industrial uses, unless products command a very high value, candidate plants must be capable of producing large quantities of the metabolites of interest. In the case of oils for specific uses, this means plants must be enriched in specific fatty acids. This arises from the fact that plant-derived chemicals in many cases compete with petrochemical-derived alternatives and this requires that costs of extraction and refining are kept as low as possible in order to remain commercially competitive. 

Hexane-extracted wheat germ consisted of about 56% linoleic acid (18 2 n6), which is an essential fatty acid (Table 4) (27). Total unsaturated and polyunsatu-... 

TABLE 4. Comparison of Fatty Acid Composition of Wheat Germ Oil Extracted with SC-C02 and Soxhlet Methods. 

The fatty acid composition of the extracts was not affected by temperature, pressure, and the extraction method (Table 4). Supercritical carbon-dioxide-extracted oil samples had similar fatty acid composition to that of the Soxhlet-extracted oil (Table 4). All of the wheat germ extracts consisted of about 56% linoleic acid (18 2 n-6), which is an essential fatty acid (Table 4). The total unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content of the wheat germ oil was about 81 % and 64%, respectively. The SC-CO2 extraction of wheat germ resulted in extracts with similar tocopherol and tocotrienol compositions to those of the Soxhlet extracts (Table 8) (50). These results indicate that SC-CO2 technology can be used for extraction and fractionation of WGO components to obtain products with high quality. 

Fatty acids as precursors of volatiles in steam distillate-hexane extracts of tobacco and wheat Relative abundances of specific fatty acids in hydrolysates of 2 varieties of burley tobacco stalk and 1 variety of wheat (whole plant Including leaves and stems) are given in Table III. 

The nutrients in cereals are concentrated more in the bran and germ than in the endosperm. Hintzler et al. (1949) reported that wheat flours of 100, 80, 50, and 30% extraction contained 2.8, 2.0, 1.8, and 1.7 mg % total tocopherol, respectively. Sinclair (1958) found 1.6 mg % a-tocopherol in a sample of 80% extraction flour and only 0.85 mg % in 72% extraction flour. The loss of tocopherol from flour during milling is somewhat less than that of the other nutrients (Moran, 1959), primarily because a higher proportion of tocopherol is present in the endosperm, which also contains small amounts of highly unsaturated fatty acids. 

Jimg et al. [4] conducted extraction with near and SC CO2 of wheat bran and found that the major fatty acids present in the extracted oil were palmitic, oleic, linoleic and y-linolenic acids. They only considered the yield change with time, not the compositional change. However, as seen in 6.2 below, partial fractionation of the oil may be possible. 

Wheat germ typically contains 10% fat. Commercial oil is produced by expelling under pressure. Solvent extraction is reported to produce oils with higher iodine values and lower free fatty acid. The oil resembles corn oil and there is increasing interest in its use as a health food because of its high content of vitamin E. 

Recent reviews on sample preparation include that of Christie (70a) on obtaining lipid extracts from tissues and that of Fried (70b) on obtaining and handling biological materials and prefractionating extracts for lipid analyses. Chapter 2 in Hammond (la) also provides detailed descriptions on lipid extraction of photosynthetic tissue, oilseeds, tiger prawns (crustaceans), coffee whitener, wheat flour, spores, and volatile fatty acids from cells grown in culture media. 

About 60-70% of the tocopherols in oilseeds are retained during the oil extraction and refining process (cf. 14.4.1 and Table 3.54). Some oils with very similar fatty acid compositions can be distinguished by their distinct tocopherol spectrum. To illustrate this, two examples are provided. The amount of P-tocopherol in wheat germ oil is quite high (Table 3.54), hence it serves as an indicator of that oil. The blending of soya oil with sunflower oil is detectable by an increase in the content of linolenic acid (cf. 14.5.2.3). However, it is possible to make a final conclusive decision about the presence and quantity of soya oil in sunflower oil only after an analysis of the composition of the tocopherols. 

Wheat seedlings were grown at 25 C, 60% humidity and 2 klx illumination. The irrigation of plants was stopped 3 days before analysis. Water deficit in the leaves was determined according to 4. Methods of lipid extraction, determination of fatty acid composition and TBARP were described in ref. 5. ... 

For lipid analysis the basal part /O - end of coleoptile sheath/ of oat and wheat plants and the youngest leaves around the apical meristem of pea plants treated /oat and wheat 10 nmol/plant 19 hours before, pea 20 nmol/plant 48 hours before/ and not treated by haloxyfop-ethoxyethyl was used. Lipid extraction, separation and analysis of fatty acids was done as described by Griffiths et el, /Planta 173 309-316 1988/, The based part of wheat plants was also used for incubation with labelled... 

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