Fatty acid synthesis equation

C16 fatty acid -f 14NADP -f 7CO2 + 8C0A Requires a phosphopantetheine cofactor 

The reactions of fatty acid synthesis all occur on one enzyme—fatty acid synthase. This enzyme has multiple catalytic activities on one polypeptide chain. The intermediates of the reaction are not released until 

Go to first step over and over until length is Cig. 

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Net Equation of Fatty Acid Synthesis Write the net equation for the biosynthesis of palmitate in rat liver, starting from mitochondrial acetyl-CoA and cytosolic NADPH, ATP, and C02. 

As can be seen from the equations above, the necessary amount of malonyl CoA is synthesized. Palmitate is subsequently synthesized from malonyl CoA and one initial acetyl CoA. Thus, acetyl CoA, NADPH, ATP, and HCOs are all necessary in this process. In contrast, FADH, is not utilized in fatty acid synthesis, but is one of the products of fatty acid oxidation. Vitamin is required for conversion of propionic acid to methylmalonic acid, a step in the p oxidation of odd-numbered fatty acid chains. 

Evidence was obtained that fatty acid synthesis proceeds in the cytoplasmic fraction rather than in the mitochondria. A supernatant enzyme system was able to synthesize palmitic acid starting from acetyl-CoA in the presence of NADPH, Mn++, HCOg- and ATP. The purified enzyme system was free of oxidation enzymes. HCO3" was not incorporated into the fatty acid but had a cofactor role. Subsequent experiments showed that acetyl-CoA is carboxylated to malonyl-CoA by acetyl-CoA-carboxylase, which contains d-biotin as coenzyme. Early investigations gave strong evidence for the participation of biotin in a number of carboxylation (COg-fixation) reactions (Lardy et al. 1956). The enzyme acetyl-CoA-carboxylase has been isolated (Brady et al. 1958, Lynen et al. 1959, Wakil et al. 1958). COg forms the free carboxy-group of malonyl-CoA. The equation of the malonyl-CoA synthesis is ... 

SiPEBSTEiN 1959) and the stimulation by acids of the tricarboxylic acid cycle has been interpreted in this sense (Abbaham et al. 1960). On the other hand, the activation by tricarboxylic acids, particularly citric acid, of acetyl-CoA carboxylase has been explained by a favorable change of the protein conformation (Vagelos et al. 1963). Also it has been shown that the stimulation of fatty acid synthesis is caused by an incorporation of acetyl-CoA after fission of citrate according to the following equation (Spenceb et al. 1962) ... 

Investigations of the catalytic nature of the purified enzyme preparation from yeast supported the following equation for fatty acid synthesis from malonyl-CoA ... 

To explain this observation, Wakil and Ganguly suggested a mechanism of fatty acid synthesis in which dicarboxylic acid intermediates were postulated [equation (6)], which, after reduction to alkylmalonic acid derivatives, are decarboxylated [equation (7)]. The saturated acyl-CoA thus formed condenses, in turn, with the next molecule of malonyl CoA. 

A. Theoretical Equation of Fatty Acid Synthesis from Acetyl-CoA... 

The theoretical equation of fatty acid synthesis has been established from the in vitro studies on fatty acid synthesis from H- and C-labeled acetyl-CoA. 

On the other hand, only 7 atoms of tritium are utilized per mole of palmitic acid synthesized from 7 2- H-labeled malonyl-CoA. Indeed the formation of 1 mole of palmityl-CoA requires 7 malonyl-CoA molecules, one atom of from 2- H-labeled malonyl-CoA is therefore incorporated into palmitic acid for each C2 unit whereas the second tritium atom is released as H2O into the medium. These results permit to establish the theoretical equation of fatty acid synthesis from - Hs-COOH and from NADPD in the case of palmitic acid, 10 methyl hydrogens are necessary per 8 methyl carbons, as shown in the equation below (Wakil, 1961 Foster and Bloom, 1962). 

As we began this chapter, we saw that photosynthesis traditionally is equated with the process of COg fixation, that is, the net synthesis of carbohydrate from COg. Indeed, the capacity to perform net accumulation of carbohydrate from COg distinguishes the phototrophic (and autotrophic) organisms from het-erotrophs. Although animals possess enzymes capable of linking COg to organic acceptors, they cannot achieve a net accumulation of organic material by these reactions. For example, fatty acid biosynthesis is primed by covalent attachment of COg to acetyl-CoA to form malonyl-CoA (Chapter 25). Nevertheless, this fixed COg is liberated in the very next reaction, so no net COg incorporation occurs. 

M. Faraday was the first to observe an electrocatalytic process, in 1834, when he discovered that a new compound, ethane, is formed in the electrolysis of alkali metal acetates (this is probably the first example of electrochemical synthesis). This process was later named the Kolbe reaction, as Kolbe discovered in 1849 that this is a general phenomenon for fatty acids (except for formic acid) and their salts at higher concentrations. If these electrolytes are electrolysed with a platinum or irridium anode, oxygen evolution ceases in the potential interval between +2.1 and +2.2 V and a hydrocarbon is formed according to the equation... 

Elucidation of the physiological role of arachidonic acid 13 and other polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly the role of all Z-4,7,10,13,16,19-decosahexaenoic acid 14, found in brain, required the corresponding stable-isotope labelled material1011. The deuteriated phosphonium salt 15, the key intermediate used in the synthesis of title compound 16 (equation 8), has been prepared in 19% overall yield12 starting with ethanol-D6 (equation 7). 

A similar procedure was applied to the synthesis of isomeric 1,5-dialkyltetrazoles analogs of the most important naturally occurring fatty acids, from methyl 9(10)-oxooctadecanoate, sodium azide, and titanium(rv) chloride (MeCN, reflux, 5 h) <2003EJ0885>. A convenient synthesis of tetrazoles (e.g., 524) by reaction of trimethylsilyl azide and ZnBr2 with a-dialkylated (3-ketoesters is based on the same approach (Equation 99 Table 32) <2003TL3179>. 

The enolic thiofuranone derivatives 35 (e.g. R = n-propyl and R = n-decyl) and 36 are also inhibitors of fatty acid synthase and have served as drug leads against Plasmodium falciparum (malaria) and Trypanosoma (sleeping sickness) . Several tetronic acid derivatives exhibit significant inhibition toward bacterial peptidoglycan synthesis (K = 0.19 p.M for the derivative R = 2-naphthalene and (R, R ) = vinyl-1-naphthalene in equation 8 analogous to 39) . ... 

Making fat. Write a balanced equation for the synthesis of atriacylglycerol, starting from glycerol and fatty acids. See answer... 

A more desirable synthesis (82,442) for the acyloxyzirconium derivatives involves ligand exchange of the coordinated acetylacetonate ligand for the fatty acid anion, according to the equation,... 

Cross-metathesis of an olefinic compound with ethene is called ethenolysis. Ethenolysis of unsaturated fatty acid esters results in the synthesis of shorter-chain co-unsaturated esters, compounds with a broad range of application. Excess ethene can easily be applied (e.g. by use of ethene pressures of 30 bar) to suppress self-metathesis of the ester and to force the conversion to completion. Ethenolysis of methyl oleate produces methyl 9-decenoate and 1-decene [20,21] equation (9). 

In equation (12.3), TGI (triacylglycerol) and FAl (fatty acid) are converted to TG2 and FA2 by interesterification via a reversible reaction of equal rates. In equation (12.4), hydrolysis of TGI to DGl (diacylgly-cerol) and FA3 is reversible with synthesis at different reaction rates. From a combination of the two reactions, the formation rates of the reactants TGI, FAl, TG2, FA2, DGl and FA3 can be obtained as follows ... 

Another example of a DMC-catalyzed esterification reaction is the esterification of free fatty acids with glycerol [32]. This reaction again used Zn-Fe(II)-DMC as a catalyst yet the activity of the material could be tuned by varying the synthesis temperature. As such, DMCs with different acidities (as evidenced by NHj-TPD), crystallite sizes (calculated from the Debye-Scherrer equation), particle sizes (studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM)), and BET (Brunauer, Emmett and Teller) specific surface areas were obtained. The highest catalytic conversions were observed for the catalysts synthesized at elevated temperatures these materials featured both the highest specific surface area and the largest number of acid sites. 

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