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Fatty acid metabolism animals

Vernon, R.G., Faulkner, A., Finley, E., Pollock, H., Taylor, E. 1987. Enzymes of glucose and fatty acid metabolism of liver, kidney, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and mammary gland of lactating and non-lactating sheep. J. Anim. Sci. 64, 1395-1411. [Pg.91]

Palmitic acid may be converted to stearic acid (C1K 0) by elongation of the carbon chain. Desaturation of stearic acid produces oleic acid (C18 1 A9). Linoleic acid (Ci8 2A9,12), however, cannot be synthesized in mammalian tissues. Therefore, it is an essential fatty acid for animals and must be obtained from the diet it has two important metabolic roles. One is to maintain the fluid state of membrane lipids, lipoproteins, and storage lipids. The other role is as a precursor of arachidonic acid, which has a specialized role in the formation of prostaglandins (Sec. 13.9). [Pg.376]

The final products of de novo synthesis of fatty acids in animals are saturated or mono-unsaturated moieties (Tables 2,3)- In essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome, the animal metabolic system deviates from the usual biosynthetic path in order to diminish the absenee of such important biolonical buildine blocks Fie. t4T... [Pg.178]

With the clofibrate type of inducer other changes are also apparent. Thus, there is a proliferation in the number of peroxisomes (an intracellular organelle), as well as induction of a particular form of cytochrome P-450 involved in fatty acid metabolism. A number of other enzymes associated with the role of this organelle in fatty acid metabolism are also increased, such as carnitine acyltransferase and catalase. This phenomenon is discussed in more detail in Chapter 6. The onset of the inductive response is in the order of a few hours (3-6 h after polycyclic hydrocarbons, 8-12 h after barbiturates), is maximal after 3-5 days with barbiturates (24-48 h with polycyclic hydrocarbons) and lasts for at least 5 days (somewhat longer with polycyclic hydrocarbon induction). The magnitude of the inductive effect may depend on the size and duration of dosing with the inducer, and will also be influenced by the sex, species, strain of animal and the tissue exposed. [Pg.302]

FIGURE 21.18 A portion of an animal cell, showing the sites of various aspects of fatty-acid metabolism. The cytosol is the site of fatty-acid anabolism. It is also the site of formation of acyl-CoA, which is transported to the mitochondrion for catabolism by the P-oxidation process. Some chainlengthening reactions (beyond Cjg) take place in the mitochondria. Other chain-lengthening reactions take place in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), as do reactions that introduce double bonds. [Pg.625]

An exciting area of research concerns the role of dietary n-6 PUFA in hypertension. Early human studies demonstrated a beneficial effect of a high dietary intake of an n-6 PUFA, i.e., LA, on BP (27-29). The mechanism of action would appear to be through the conversion to prostaglandins (PG), which in turn have been repeatedly shown to have effects on BP (30-34). Deficiencies of the long-chain n-6 PUFA, DGLA and AA, in cell membranes and tissues can contribute to diseases. Consistent alterations in tissue fatty acid metabolism exist during hypertension (35). Numerous membrane abnormalities have been reported in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), a commonly used animal model for human hypertension (36 1). Membrane abnormalities in kidney (42-44), thoracic aorta (45,46), and in the isolated liver cells (47) contribute to the altered membrane properties and functions and in part... [Pg.260]

Liu et al. (2005) have prepared hydrophobic chitosan nanoparticles with linoleic acid for protein delivery. Linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid that exists as a positional and stereoisomer of octa-decadienoic acid, and this type of polyunsaturated fatty acid can sensitize tumour cells to chano-therapy and radiotherapy. This has been proved in cell culture, tumour-bearing animals, and, finally, in humans (Conklin 2002, Germain et al. 1998, Vartak et al. 1997). Linoleic acid plays a mryor role in fatty acid metabolism in the human body. Liu et al. have developed biocompatible amphiphilic lenoleic acid chitosan nanoparticles (100-500 nm), which can be used for protein delivery applications. The loading efficiency decreases with increasing concentration of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA), and the nanoparticles are saturated with BSA that has a concentration of 0.5mg/mL and a loading capacity of 37.57% 0.25%. BSA forms complexes with a derivative that has a hydrophilic chitosan backbone and a hydrophobic domain of linoleic group. [Pg.513]

Essential oils are comprised of complex mixtures of ter-penes, phenylpropanoid-derived compounds, and a number of esters, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, acids, and hydrocarbons derived from fatty acid metabolism. The constituent compounds usually are of low to medium molecular weight and not highly oxygenated (Fig. 19.15). Many of these volatile compounds are involved in interactions with animals and are major components of the taste and odor of plants. [Pg.339]

Rowley, AE. (1996) The evolution of inflammatory mediators. Mediators Inflamm. 5,3-13 Rowley, A.F., Knight, J., Lloyd-Evans,P., Holland, J.W. and Vickers, P.J. (1995) Eicosanoids and their role in immune modulation in fish - a brief review. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 5,549-567 Henderson, R.J. (1996) Fatty acid metabolism in freshwater fish with particular reference to polyunsaturated fatty acids. Arch. Anim. Nutr. 49,5-22 (extensive review of fatty acid metabolism in fish with some reference to functional aspects)... [Pg.131]

Effect of CLA Feeding on The Other Fatty Acid Metabolism. The presence of CLA in the diet also influenced the metabolism of both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. In one study, Banni et al (5) demonstrated in an experiment in which animals were fed increasing quantities of CLA, that the content of hnoleic acid and its metabo-... [Pg.267]

Many observations made in intact animals or in vitro suggested the existence of independent oxidative and biosynthetic pathways for fatty acid metabolism. One of the most interesting findings was made on liver slices of pancreatectomized cats. Two metabolic alterations have been observed in these preparations (1) a disturbance of fatty acid oxidation leading to ketosis, and (2) retarded incorporation of labeled acetate into fatty acids. If, in addition to pancreatectomy, a hypophysectomy is performed on the cat (Houssay preparation), ketone bodies still accumulate in the liver slices, but incorporation of acetate into fatty acids is normal. [Pg.60]

All aspects of the biochemical role of biotin have not yet been clarified. The vitamin has been implicated in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Available evidence indicates that biotin acts as a CO2 carrier in a number of carboxyla-tion and decarboxylation reactions connected with carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism. A number of experimental procedures are used to establish the participation of biotin in a given biochemical reaction (1) the study of enzyme activity in biotin-deficient animals (2) the effect of avidin administered in vivo or added to the incubation mixture on the activity of the enzyme under study and (3) purification of the enzyme and demonstration of the existence of enzyme-bound biotin. Studies of this kind have established that biotin is required for the carboxylases of jS-methyl-crotonyl CoA, acetyl-CoA, propionyl CoA, and oxaloacetic transcarboxylase. Only some of the results are presented here [74-76]. [Pg.278]

When it was found that two molecules of acetyl CoA participate in the formation of acetoacetate, that acyl phosphates support the oxidation of short-chain fatty acids catalyzed by extracts of Clostridium Muyveri, and that phosphotransacetylase and CoA transphorase were present in these extracts. Barker proposed a scheme of fatty acid oxidation in which acyl CoA compounds served as substrates. The reactions postulated by Barker for the conversion of butyrate to acetyl groups are essenti y those that were subsequently found to participate in fatty acid oxidation in animals and other organisms. With the demonstration that CoA is involved in butyrate metabolism in Clostridium Muyveri, several laboratories simultaneously, independently and successfully studied the role of CoA in fatty acid metabolism. [Pg.139]


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See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.697 , Pg.697 , Pg.698 , Pg.698 , Pg.699 , Pg.699 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.697 , Pg.697 , Pg.698 , Pg.698 , Pg.699 , Pg.699 ]




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