Fatty acid assessment

Evershed, R. P., Dudd, S. N., Copley, M. S. and Mukherjee, A. J. (2003b) Identification of animal fats via compound specific 813C values of individual fatty acids assessments of results for reference fats and lipid extracts of archaeological pottery vessels. In Documenta Praehistorica, XXIX 9th Neolithic Studies (Ed. Budja, M.), Ljubljana, pp. 73 96. 

A study by Ascherio in 1994 demonstrated that in subjects who had suffered acute myocardial infarction (AMI), past intake of trans fatty acids, assessed from a food frequency questionnaire, was associated with increased risk. Trans fatty acid intake per day in the top quintile was 6.5 g compared with 1.7g in the lowest quintile. After adjusting for age, energy intake, and sex, relative risk of a first AMI for the highest compared with the lowest quintile was 2.44 (95% confidence interval, 1.42—4.10). However, there was not a clear dose-response relationship. 

Traps with Bio-Sep beads amended with [ Cg]-benzene and [ C]-toluene were used to assess biodegradation in an aquifer (Geyer et al. 2005). Beads were lyophilized after exposure, lipids were extracted with chloroform-methanol, and the fatty acids and values analyzed. High enrichment of was observed in several fatty acids, which showed that the label from the substrates had been incorporated. In addition, there were differences in the abundance of the fatty acids in beads amended with benzene or toluene that suggested the existence of different microbial degradative populations. 

Kimura, Y. Hosoda, Y. Shima, M. Adachi, S. Matsuno, R., Physicochemical properties of fatty acids for assessing the threshold concentration to enhance the absorption of a hydrophilic substance, Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 62, 443 447 (1998). 

Herrmann, T., et al. Mouse fatty acid transport protein 4 (FATP4) characterization of the gene and functional assessment as a very long chain acyl-CoA synthetase. Gene 2001, 270,... 

A competitive version of ABPP identifies the target(s) and assesses the selectivity of an enzyme inhibitor in biological systems by gauging how well the inhibitor slows the enzyme s reaction with an ABP. For example, fluorophosphonate ABP 3 was used to profile the selectivity of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors within the serine hydrolase superfamily [27] (FAAH hydrolyzes endocannabinoids such as anandamide). Serine hydrolases that exhibited reduced labeling by the probe in the presence of inhibitor were scored as targets of the inhibitor. Urea FAAH inhibitors exemplified by PF-3845 (5) that covalently modify the active-site serine nucleophile of FAAH were found to be exquisitely selective for FAAH in brain and liver... 

Physical examination should focus on assessment of lean body mass (LBM) and physical findings of vitamin, trace element, and essential fatty acid deficiencies. 

Biochemical assessment of trace element, vitamin, and essential fatty acid deficiencies should be based on the nutrient s function, but few practical... 

While the dog is a carnivore, it is able to adapt to an omnivorous diet. Requirements for dietary sources of energy, amino acids, glucose precursors, fatty acids, minerals, vitamins, and water have been established based on recommendations by the National Research Council (NRC, 1985). Adult beagles maintained in a laboratory environment function well with one feeding of standard laboratory chow per day. In safety assessment testing, however, some compounds may induce serious dietary deficiencies through induced loss of appetite, malabsorption, or vomiting, and, in these cases, it may be advisable to provide a dietary supplement. 

Dispersants are being increasingly used to combat oil spills in the marine environment. The new generation of dispersants are commonly fatty acid-polyethoxylate esters (25) and are relatively non toxic. The specific compounds in petroleum responsible for MFO induction in fish have not been defined. Dispersed oil could increase the availability of inducing components, either the particulates or solubles, but alternatively, soluble compounds may be rapidly lost from dispersed oil (26). Preliminary experiments have been carried out to assess the effectiveness of dispersed oil in AHH induction. Venezuelan crude and bunker (distillation cut above 300-400°C).and two polyethoxylate oil spill dispersants,... 

Calu-3 cells have shown the ability to perform fatty acid esterification of budes-onide [132], In pre-clinical studies, this esterification results in a prolonged local tissue binding and efficacy, which is not found when the esterification is inhibited [133]. The precise mechanism remains undefined in that the identity of specific enzyme(s) responsible for this metabolic reaction is unclear [134], Assessment of the potential toxicity and metabolism of pharmaceuticals and other xenobiotics using in vitro respiratory models is still at its infancy. The development of robust in vitro human models (i.e., cell lines from human pulmonary origin) has the potential to contribute significantly to better understanding the role of biotransformation enzymes in the bioactivation/detoxication processes in the lung. 

Phospholipid concentration was determined using our modification of Bartlett s procedure (49,53). Cholesterol concentration and purity were determined by HPLC or enzymatically by cholesterol oxidase (49,53). Purity of phospholipids as raw materials, and the extent of their hydrolysis during various steps of liposome preparation and liposome storage, were assessed by TLC and enzymatic determination of the increase in level of nonesterified fatty acids (10,38,49-51,53). 

Fatty acids are clearly larger in size and show markedly slower diffusion velocity than the small water (or creatine) molecules which have been examined so far by diffusion weighted NMR spectroscopy. However, assessment of diffusion properties of lipids could be a key step for further experimental studies of skeletal muscle lipid metabolism. Diffusion properties of FFA and triglycerides are likely different due to differences in molecular weight. In addition, effects of temperature, chemical surroundings, and the mobility of small lipid droplets in the cytosol may also lead to measurable differences in the diffusion characteristics. 

Studies of the reaction of ozone with simplified lipid systems have shown that malonaldehyde can be produced by direct ozonolysis. The use of malonaldehyde assay as an index of lipid peroxidation is therefore invalid in ozone studies. Liposomes formed from egg lecithin and prepared in aqueous media were quite resistant to ozone, but the contribution of polyconcentric spheres to this resistance has not been fully assessed. However, the bilayer configuration, with the susceptible unsaturated fatty acids shielded from ozone by the hydrophilic areas of the molecule, may be resistant. In hexane, where the fatty acid moieties are exposed, ozone reacts stoichiometrically with the double bonds. The experiments with aqueous suspensions of phosphatidylcholine gave no evidence of the formation of lipid peroxides,nor did experiments with films of fatty acids exposed to ozone. ... 

There are limitations in the use of FDG for viability assessment. Normal myocardium (normal perfusion and normal metabolism) in diabetics may not take up FDG due to insulin resistance associated with elevated free fatty acids in blood. Consequently, there is no FDG uptake anywhere in the heart and the study is uninterpretable. Flowever, giving insulin intravenously at the time of glucose loading enhances myocardial uptake, reduces free fatty acids in blood, and provides diagnostic images. 

The compounds analyzed by GC/MS comprise e.g. amino acids [34, 39, 64 - 69], organic acids [33,63,65,66,69], sugars [39,70,71 ], lipids and fatty acids [72, 73]. Moreover, mass distributions of polymers and their building blocks, obtained via hydrolysis of the polymer, were assessed. Examples are glycogen [39, 70], cell protein [8,10,17], or DNA [74]. Most of the analytical methods have been developed for tissue samples. Since most of the compounds studied are polar or even charged molecules, derivatization is necessary in most of the cases of GC/MS analysis. The derivatization method of choice clearly depends... 

Several F-labeled fatty acid derivatives have been successfully prepared and evaluated as potential FAO assessing tracers [19-24]. Methyl-branched-chain (w- F-fluorofatty acids, such as 3-methyl-(3-MFHA) and 5-methyl-17-[ F]fluoro-heptadecanoic acid (5-MFHA), have been reported [23]. In a comparative study, it was found that rw-[ F]fluoropalmitic acid (FPA) exhibits the highest myocardial uptake, followed by 5-MFHA and 3-MFHA. FPA possesses the fastest myocardial washout rate, and 3-MFHA the slowest. In lipid analysis studies, 5-MFHA... 

Toxicity assessment. Ethanol extract of the leaf, administered intraperitoneally to mice, was active, LDjf, 0.75 g/kg"" " . Ethanol extract of the fresh leaf and stem, administered intraperitoneally to mice at the minimum toxic dose of 1 mL/animal, was active. Water extract of the fresh leaf and stem, administered intraperitoneally to mice at the minimum toxic dose of 1 mL/ animal, was active " . Aqueous extract of the husk fiber, administered orally to mice, was active, LDjf, 2.30 g/kgf" " . Tricarboxylate carrier influence. Oil, administered to rats at a dose of 15% of the diet for 3 weeks, produced a differential mitochondrial fatty acid composition and no appreciable change in phospholipids composition and cholesterol level. Compared with coconut oil-fed rats, the mitochondrial tricarboxylate carrier activity was markedly decreased in liver mitochondria from fish oil-fed rats. No difference in the Arrhenius plot between the two groups was observed "". 

---