Fattening

A. Jermelov, Fisheries Research Board of Canada Translation Series No. 1352 Fatten 24(4), 360 (1968). 

Because feed comprises over 80% of the cost of producing and fattening cattle, the maximum utilization of ever increasingly expensive rations is of upmost importance (179). Monensin under the trade name of Rumen sin (Elanco Products) was introduced in 1976 at a recommended level of 30 ppm in cattle feed. Lasalocid having the trade name Bovatec (Hoffmann-LaRoche, Inc.) was marketed some years later. 

The apparent difference between the curves for tension and compression is due solely to the geometry of testing. If, instead of plotting load, we plot load divided by the actual area of the specimen, A, at any particular elongation or compression, the two curves become much more like one another. In other words, we simply plot true stress (see Chapter 3) as our vertical co-ordinate (Fig. 8.7). This method of plotting allows for the thinning of the material when pulled in tension, or the fattening of the material when compressed. 

Ausfullstoff, m. filling or packing material, ausfuttem, ausfUttem, v.t. line coat feed, fatten. 

Fette, /. fatness, greasiness, fettecht, a. insoluble in fat. fetten, v.t. oil, grease, lubricate stuff, dub (leather) fatten. 

Mastdarm-. rectal, recto-, masten, v.i. i. fatten, feed well, milsten, v.t. feed, fatten. 

Mastung,/. feeding, fattening fatness. Mastvieh, n. fattening cattle. 

Fatten CK, Ziedonis D, Clare AW, et al D-Fenfluramine-induced prolactin responses in postwithdrawal alcoholics and controls. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 19 1578-1582, 1995... 

O Malley SS, O Connor PG, Fatten C, et al Comparison ofnaltrexone in combination with either CB therapy or medical model counseling (abstract). J Addict Dis 17 160, 1998... 

Bacteria grown under different conditions may show wide response to biocides. For example, fattened cells of Staph, aureus obtained by repeated subculturing in glycerol-containing media are more resistant to benzylpenicillin and higher phenols. 

Fig. 3.2 A comparison between white clover and grass for fattening beef cattle (Thomson, 1984).

With the later maturing breeds, concentrates will have to be fed at grass in the autumn, and even then some will not fatten while grazing and will have to be brought in for winter feeding or for another store period. The shorter the growing season, because of latitude or altitude, the better the early maturing breeds perform. 

The number of lambs born per ewe depends on the breed of ewe and on body condition score at mating. The optimal number of lambs born per ewe depends on the system of production on the farm. For instance, ewes lambing in an upland or mountain environment may well be unable to fatten more than a single lamb adequately, twin lambs being too small to survive the rigours of the mountains, and the ewe unable to find sufficient nourishment to milk well. 

The drawback with late lambing is its dependence either on a buoyant store lamb market in September and October or else on the feasibility of growing a catch crop, such as stubble turnips or rape, on the farm, so that lambs can be fattened satisfactorily outdoors during the autumn and early winter. Again, intestinal parasites can be a problem, with the period of maximum risk, late July and August, occurring before the younger lambs have had a chance to build up their own immunity. 

Fattening pigs on grassland where conditions permit, and retaining weaners in family groups. 

Gruber, T., Tiefenbacher, R. Baumgartner, J. (2000) Present status of pig fattening on selected organic farms in Austria. Proceedings of the 13th International IFOAM Scientific Conference, Basel, Switzerland, p. 365. 

Pesticides are only one group of chemicals in use in agriculture. There are now hormones either to accelerate or retard the growth of plants. Livestock are being fattened with the aid of chemicals. Soil and seeds are treated with chemicals. New fertilizers are being developed. Many other applications are being discovered. 

Studies show that N20 was emitted from animal houses at the rate of 4-5 mg N m 2 d 1, with straw as bedding material, whereas when no bedding material was used, little or no N20 was emitted from slurry-based cattle or pig building as complete anaerobic condition would have maintained [52]. Deep litter system with fattening pigs showed much higher emission compared to slurry based pig houses, while mechanical mixing still further increased N20 emission [53]. In cattle collection yards, there had been very less or no N20 emission as the anaerobic condition prevents conversion of NH4+ to N03-. 

Groenestein CM, Van Fassen HG. Volatilisation of ammonia, nitrous oxide and nitric oxide in deep-litter systems for fattening pigs. Journal of Agricultural Engineering and Research. 1996 65 269-274. 

Millet S, Cox E, Buyse J, Goddeeris BM and Janssens GPJ (2005) Immunocompetence of fattening pigs fed organic versus conventional diets in organic versus conventional housing . The Veterinary Journal, 169, 293-299. 

Fattening poultry (in fixed housing) 10 with a maximum of 21kg liveweight/m2 20 (for guinea fowl only) 4 broilers and guinea fowl, 4,5 ducks, 10 turkey, 15 geese In all the species mentioned above the limit of 170 kg of N/ha/year is not to be exceeded... 

Table 8.3 Performance features and criteria for laying hens, fattening poultry and parental stock (after Merkblatter der Gefliigelhaltung, 2004)...

Fattening poultry Fattening performance (important for fattener) weight gain, feed conversion, mortality, constitution (more leg problems and heart/ circulatory failure in lines with fast growing rate), productivity index (EBI European broiler index)... 

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