Fatigue stressing

The higher the fatigue stress level the higher the rate of damage development (and the rate of cumulative AE counts)... 

Division 2. With the advent of higher design pressures the ASME recognized the need for alternative rules permitting thinner walls with adequate safety factors. Division 2 provides for these alternative rules it is more restrictive in both materials and methods of analysis, but it makes use of higher allowable stresses than does Division 1. The maximum allowable stresses were increased from one-fourth to one-third of the ultimate tensile stress or two-thkds of the yield stress, whichever is least for materials at any temperature. Division 2 requkes an analysis of combined stress, stress concentration factors, fatigue stresses, and thermal stress. The same type of materials are covered as in Division 1. 

The material in use as of the mid-1990s in these components is HDPE, a linear polymer which is tough, resiUent, ductile, wear resistant, and has low friction (see Olefin polymers, polyethylene). Polymers are prone to both creep and fatigue (stress) cracking. Moreover, HDPE has a modulus of elasticity that is only one-tenth that of the bone, thus it increases the level of stress transmitted to the cement, thereby increasing the potential for cement mantle failure. When the acetabular HDPE cup is backed by metal, it stiffens the HDPE cup. This results in function similar to that of natural subchondral bone. Metal backing has become standard on acetabular cups. 

Mechanical Properties Mechanical properties of wide interest include creep, rupture, short-time strengths, and various forms of ductihty, as well as resistance to impact and fatigue stresses. Creep strength and stress rupture are usually of greatest interest to designers of stationary equipment such as vessels and furnaces. 

The second failure mode to consider is fatigue. The drum will revolve about once every second, and each part of the shaft surface will go alternately into tension and compression. The maximum fatigue stress range (of 2 x 56 = 112 MPa) is, however, only a quarter of the fatigue limit for structural steel (Fig. 28.5) and the shaft should therefore last indefinitely. But what about the welds There are in fact a number of reasons for expecting them to have fatigue properties that are poorer than those of the parent steel (see Table 28.1). 

Fig. 28.5. Fatigue data for a typical structural steel in dry air. Note that, if the fatigue stress range is less than 440 MPa (the fatigue limit] the component should last indefinitely. The data relate to a fatigue stress cycle with a zero mean stress, which is what we have in the case of our tail drum.

The links between levels of exposure and inconvenience caused by ventilation noise are described in an investigation carried out on office workers.- Technical measurements and analyses of the ventilation noise at 155 typical office workplaces were in this study combined with assessments by the office workers of the level of disturbance that they experienced, the effect on working performance, fatigue, stress-related pain, and headaches. The average noise level was about 40 dB(A) at two of the workplaces, while it was about 35 dB(A) at two others. It emerged from rhe narrow-band analyses that the sound pressure levels of rhe infrasound were not in any event of an order that this type of sound frequencies (below 20 Hz) could contribute to any disturbance effects. Any steps taken to counter the sound frequencies of the ventilation noise under 50 Hz, i.e., the point of btersection between the threshold curve of auditory perception and the spectral level distribution curve of... 

Temperature is an important parameter for safety. At extreme temperatures, tlie risk of metal fatigue, stress corrosion cracking, and vessel rupture increases dramatically. 

Ward et a/."" have shown that, under cyclical loading, the oxidation rate of steels is similar to that under unstressed isothermal conditions, provided the fatigue stress is below the stress required to exceed the scale failure strain. If, however, the failure strain is exceeded, the oxidation rate is accelerated due to repetitive scale failure, and linear kinetics are observed. 

Attempt to ensure that residual and operational tensile or oscillatory tensile (fatigue) stresses in components are kept moderate so far as reasonably practicable. 

All metals will corrode under certain conditions. Internal corrosion is caused by galvanic corrosion, pitting, corrosion fatigue, stress corrosion cracking, stray currents, etc. 

Material Tensile strength, a (MPa) Max. fatigue stress, amax (MPa) max Fatigue cycles Residual strength (MPa)... 

The results obtained on the fatigue stress show capability of the suggested method to study surface and bulk structure of metal and, in particular, to estimate the volume of inner fatigue micro-cracks. 

Corrosion, stress Corrosion fatigue, stress-corrosion cracking... 

Structural failure may occur when the overall structural cross-section cannot support the applied load or, when the critical flaw size ac is exceeded by preexisting discontinuity or by reaching the critical crack size through fatigue, stress corrosion cracking or creep mechanisms. Using fracture mechanics the stress at a crack tip can be calculated by a stress-intensity parameter K as,... 

The number of permissible load cycles, which results from the fatigue stress evaluation, does not necessarily determine the life time expectancy of the pressure vessel, but sets the intervals for fissure tests. 

POSTER TITLE Identification of the fatigue stress intensity factor threshold for different load ratios R From fretting fatigue to C(T) fatigue experiments... 

A word of caution When the valves are exposed to a corrosive environment, it is likely that their constant movement will induce fatigue stresses, which frequently lead to the rapid deterioration of the retaining lugs and valve caps. It is not unusual to find valves missing in that part of the column where corrosive constituents are concentrated. 

Isothermal Fatigue Life—Influence of Maximum Fatigue Stress... 

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