Fascination

This unique volume will increase anyone s command of the English language and build up your word power. Fully cross-referenced, it includes synonyms of every kind (formal or colloquial, idiomatic and figurative) for almost 900 headings. It is a must for writers and utterly fascinating for any English speaker. 

This fascinating book provides a vital repertoire of non-verbal images - to help activate the right side of any manager s brain. 

A problem that has fascinated surface chemists is whether, through suitable measurements, one can determine absolute half-cell potentials. If some one standard half-cell potential can be determined on an absolute basis, then all others are known through the table of standard potentials. Thus, if we know E for... 

One fascinating feature of the physical chemistry of surfaces is the direct influence of intermolecular forces on interfacial phenomena. The calculation of surface tension in section III-2B, for example, is based on the Lennard-Jones potential function illustrated in Fig. III-6. The wide use of this model potential is based in physical analysis of intermolecular forces that we summarize in this chapter. In this chapter, we briefly discuss the fundamental electromagnetic forces. The electrostatic forces between charged species are covered in Chapter V. 

The reports were that water condensed from the vapor phase into 10-100-/im quartz or pyrex capillaries had physical properties distinctly different from those of bulk liquid water. Confirmations came from a variety of laboratories around the world (see the August 1971 issue of Journal of Colloid Interface Science), and it was proposed that a new phase of water had been found many called this water polywater rather than the original Deijaguin term, anomalous water. There were confirming theoretical calculations (see Refs. 121, 122) Eventually, however, it was determined that the micro-amoimts of water that could be isolated from small capillaries was always contaminated by salts and other impurities leached from the walls. The nonexistence of anomalous or poly water as a new, pure phase of water was acknowledged in 1974 by Deijaguin and co-workers [123]. There is a mass of fascinating anecdotal history omitted here for lack of space but told very well by Frank [124]. 

Microemulsions are treated in a separate section in this chapter. Unlike macro- or ordinary emulsions, microemulsions are generally thermodynamically stable. They constitute a distinctive type of phase, of structure unlike ordinary homogeneous bulk phases, and their study has been a source of fascination. Finally, aerosols are discussed briefly in this chapter, although the topic has major differences from those of emulsions and foams. 

These fascinating bicontinuous or sponge phases have attracted considerable theoretical interest. Percolation theory [112] is an important component of such models as it can be used to describe conductivity and other physical properties of microemulsions. Topological analysis [113] and geometric models [114] are useful, as are thermodynamic analyses [115-118] balancing curvature elasticity and entropy. Similar elastic modulus considerations enter into models of the properties and stability of droplet phases [119-121] and phase behavior of microemulsions in general [97, 122]. 

Some fascinating effects occur in the case of CO on Pt(lOO). As illustrated in Fig. XVI-8, the clean surface is reconstructed naturally into a quasi-hexag-onal pattern, but on adsorption of CO, this reconstruction is lifted to give the bulk termination structure of (110) planes [56]. As discussed in Section XVIII-9E very complicated changes in surface structure occur on the oxidation of CO... 

A great deal of tax money is spent in support of fundamental research, and this is often defended as having an intrinsic virtue. To take the present topic as an example, however, the study of just how molecules adsorb and react on a surface is fascinating and challenging, yet the tax-paying public should not be asked merely to support the esoteric pleasures of a privileged few. The public should expect the occasional major practical advance whose benefits more than pay for the overall cost of all research. The benefits in the present case come from the discovery and development of catalytic processes of major importance to an industrial society. 

Perhaps the most fascinating detail is the surface reconstruction that occurs with CO adsorption (see Refs. 311 and 312 for more general discussions of chemisorption-induced reconstructions of metal surfaces). As shown in Fig. XVI-8, for example, the Pt(lOO) bare surface reconstructs itself to a hexagonal pattern, but on CO adsorption this reconstruction is lifted [306] CO adsorption on Pd( 110) reconstructs the surface to a missing-row pattern [309]. These reconstructions are reversible and as a result, oscillatory behavior can be observed. Returning to the Pt(lOO) case, as CO is adsorbed patches of the simple 1 x 1 structure (the structure of an undistorted (100) face) form. Oxygen adsorbs on any bare 1 x 1 spots, reacts with adjacent CO to remove it as CO2, and at a certain point, the surface reverts to toe hexagonal stmcture. The presumed sequence of events is shown in Fig. XVIII-28. 

We collect syimnetry operations into various syimnetry groups , and this chapter is about the definition and use of such syimnetry operations and symmetry groups. Symmetry groups are used to label molecular states and this labelling makes the states, and their possible interactions, much easier to understand. One important syimnetry group that we describe is called the molecular symmetry group and the syimnetry operations it contains are pemuitations of identical nuclei with and without the inversion of the molecule at its centre of mass. One fascinating outcome is that indeed for... 

The nematic to smectic A phase transition has attracted a great deal of theoretical and experimental interest because it is tire simplest example of a phase transition characterized by tire development of translational order [88]. Experiments indicate tliat tire transition can be first order or, more usually, continuous, depending on tire range of stability of tire nematic phase. In addition, tire critical behaviour tliat results from a continuous transition is fascinating and allows a test of predictions of tire renonnalization group tlieory in an accessible experimental system. In fact, this transition is analogous to tire transition from a nonnal conductor to a superconductor [89], but is more readily studied in tire liquid crystal system. 

One of the most fascinating recent developments in biology has been the discovery of numerous highly complex biopolymer assemblies (see also section C2.14.2.3) such as the ribosome or the bacterial flagellum [93, 94 and 95], the envy of nanoteclmologists seeking to miniaturize man-made mechanical devices (note that the word machinery is also sometimes used to refer to multienzyme complexes such as the proteasome [96]), and an entire... 

The study of slow protein dynamics is a fascinating field with still many unknowns. We have presented a number of computational techniques that are currently being used to tackle those questions. Most promising for our case seems the development of methods that combine an implicit solvent description with techniques to induce conformational transitions. 

At the moment, most scientists and students, both in companies and at universities, use similar tools for the encoding processes described. But this was not the case in the past, when research was much more differentiated and fascinating with regard to the chemist-computer interaction. Some of these old-fashioned results are still impressive or some are still used, even now, as the following examples illustrate. 

The investigation of molecular structures and of their properties is one of the most fascinating topics in chemistry. Chemistry has a language of its own for molecular structures which has been developed from the first alchemy experiments to modem times. With the improvement of computational methods for chemical information processing, several descriptors for the handling of molecular information have been developed and used in a wide range of applications. 

This is not the place to discuss the frequently reviewed historical and philosophical aspects of alchemy, but it is worthwhile to recall some rather late adherence to the precepts of alchemy by giants of the human intellectual endeavor. Johann Wolfgang Goethe is best known for his poetry and literature as the author of Faust. Tie himself, however, considered some of his major achievements to be in science. His interests were varied but also related to chemistry. He developed an early interest in alchemy, which, however, he overcame in later life. Goethe s classic character Faust reflects his fascination with the alchemist s effort to produce gold but eventually recognizes its futility and failure. 

Newton, one of the greatest physicists of all time, is said to have spent more time on his alchemist efforts and experimentation than on his physical studies. Was this only scientific fascination, or had his... 

These studies at the same time aroused my interest in the mechanistic aspects of the reaetions, including the complexes of RCOF and RF with BF3 (and eventually with other Lewis acid fluorides) as well as the complexes they formed with aromatics. 1 isolated for the first time at low temperatures arenium tetrafluoroborates (the elusive (T-complexes of aromatic substitutions), although I had no means to pursue their structural study. Thus my long fascination with the chemistry of car-bocationic complexes began. 

At the time, I was so fascinated by the potential of our organofluorine compound-based pharmaceutical research that, to learn more about... 

The real value of direct interaction between a lecturer and his audience is in the interest he can aronse by presenting the topic in a challenging and perhaps personal way as well as in the give-and-take interaction of direct exchange and participation. I have always tried in my lectnres to give my stndents not only a presentation of facts and concepts, but, based on my own experience and involvement, to convey to them the fascination of exploring the intrigning world of chemistry. 

In the introduction we noted that both Berzelius and Wohler were fascinated by the fact that two different compounds with different properties ammonium cyanate and urea pos sessed exactly the same molecular formula CH4N2O Berzelius had studied examples of similar phenomena earlier and invented the word isomer to describe different compounds that have the same molecular formula... 

For more about starch see The Other Double Helix— The Fascinating Chemistry of Starch in the August 2000 issue of the Journal of Chem ical Education pp 988-992... 

The most subjective of the words which (1 hope) describe this book is interesting. The fascinating behavior of polymers themselves, the clever experiments of laboratory researchers, and the elegant work of the theoreticians add up to an interesting total. 1 have tried to tell about these topics with clarity and enthusiasm, and in such a way as to make them intelligible to students. 1 can only hope that the reader agrees with my assessment of what is interesting. 

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