Sponge phase

These fascinating bicontinuous or sponge phases have attracted considerable theoretical interest. Percolation theory [112] is an important component of such models as it can be used to describe conductivity and other physical properties of microemulsions. Topological analysis [113] and geometric models [114] are useful, as are thermodynamic analyses [115-118] balancing curvature elasticity and entropy. Similar elastic modulus considerations enter into models of the properties and stability of droplet phases [119-121] and phase behavior of microemulsions in general [97, 122]. 

Texter J, Antalek B and Williams A J 1997 Reverse micelle to sponge phase transition J. Chem. Phys. 106 7869-72... 

Bicontinuous disordered phase (Bicontinuous microemulsion Sponge phase)... 

For a recent review on the sponge phase, see G. Porte. Curr Opin Coll Interf Sci L345-349, 1996. 

G. Gompper, M. Schick. Scattering from internal interfaces in microemulsion and sponge phases. Phys Rev E 49 1478-1482, 1994. 

When a drop of Ci2(EO)3 was injected into water at 40 °C, myehnic figures formed initially but later dissolved to form drops of the L3 (sponge) phase, as... 

Alfons, K. and Engstrom, S. (1998) Drug compatibility with the sponge phases formed in monoolein, water, and propylene glycol or polyethylene glycoll).Pharm. Sci., 87 1527-1607. 

Freyssingeas, E., Nallet, F. and Roux, D. (1996) Measurement of the membrane flexibility in lamellar and Sponge phases ofthe Q2 Es/Hexanol/water system. Langmuir, 12, 6028-6035. 

Figure 2.4 (a) Schematic of the sponge phase and model of the silicification process... 

Figure 17. Phase diagram of C,2E05/water (L and L 2, surfactant solutions L2, liquid surfactant containing dissolved water, not fully miscible with water L3, sponge phase, isotropic solution not fully miscible with water or surfactant, otherwise as for Fig. 14) (reproduced from [102]).

Figure 28. Phase diagram of L64/P105/ water (reproduced from [140]). (L, L, sponge phase otherwise as for Figs. 14, 17, 23 and 27.)...

Figure 8.5 Two-dimensional cut through a bicontinuous microemulsion comprising water (white) and oil (black) separated by a surfactant monolayer. The same picture can also represent the inside and outside of the so-called L3 sponge phase where a surfactant bilayer separates inner and outer regions of a single solvent. Note that the domains have a well-defined iength scaie. The detaiis of the model used to generate this representation are discussed in Ref. 28.

The three-phase coexistence of a balanced microemulsion with oil and water The narrowness (limited swelling) of both the microemulsion and the sponge phase... 

The continuous transition from sponge phase to bicontinuous microemulsion The symmetry in the phase diagram around the coordinate of balanced temperature and 1 1 volume ratio of solvents... 

In order to emphasize the role of the inter facial films and to highlight the most recent viewpoints on the stability of microemulsions, sponge phases, and dilute lamellar phases, some of the experimental facts about phase behavior of microemulsion systems containing alcohol are reviewed in this chapter. The systems investigated consist of water, oil, alcohol, and sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS). In the next section, the theoretical aspects of the stability of surfactant phases are briefly discussed. Then in Secs. Ill and IV the effects of varying alcohol and oil chain lengths and the addition of a water-soluble polymer are examined. The examination of multiphase regions provides the location of lines of critical points or critical endpoints. This chapter also deals with the study of several physical properties in the vicinity of critical points. 

The role of k is also important because ic couples to the topology of the membrane. When ic is sufficiently negative, the surface forms many disconnected aggregates such as droplets or vesicles [66-70] in contrast, when ic is positive, highly connected surfaces with many handles or connections are favored, and the bicontinuous microemulsions or sponge phases are stabilized [66-72]. 

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