Faeces

Occurs in coal tar, in various plants and in faeces, being formed by the action of the intestinal bacteria on tryptophan. It can be prepared by the action of acid on the phenyl-hydrazone of pyruvic acid to give indole-2-carboxylate which can be decarboxylated to indole. 

Dietary additives can affect the microbiota that are associated with the faeces of animals and degradation of the faeces may be impaired because of the influence of the excretory products on insects, microbes and fungi. The microbiota in the soil and waste material may be affected, thus altering the fertility of the pasture and sustainability of other wildlife. These microbiota can be used as dietary ingredients for animals, so inhibition of their production would be an unsatisfactory consequence of dietary additives. ... 

An allergen is usually an inert substance (e.g. pollen, house dust mite faeces) that in some individuals can trigger the generation of an (inappropriate) antigenic response. Mediated by TH2 lymphocytes, it causes B-Lymphocytes to produce lgE. Subsequent exposure of a sensitized individual to the allergen is therefore able to cross-link IgE antibodies on the surface of mast cells and trigger an immune response and histamine release. 

Excretion of the drug and/or its metabolites takes place primarily in the kidney, though some drugs also show considerable excretion via the bile/faeces. Again, it is important to study the rates of excretion of the drug or its metabolites, and to verify that there is no associated kidney damage. 

Only a small fraction of faecal contaminants contributed to the enviromnent through human and animal faeces reach new hosts to infect them. Many of the defecated microorganisms never reach the soil and/or water bodies, since faecal wastes are submitted to purification (water) and hygienization (solids) processes, which remove a fraction of the pathogens and indicators. An important fraction of those that reach either the soil or water are removed (adsorption to soil particles and suspended solids, followed by sedimentation) and/or inactivated by natural stressors (physical, chemical and biological) in soil and water bodies. 

There are very limited data on the kinetics and metabolism of organotins in laboratory mammals. A widespread distribution of organotins throughout body tissues has been observed. Transplacental transfer seems to occur, whereas transfer across the blood-brain barrier is limited, since brain levels are usually low. The only compound for which data are available on metabolites is dibutyltin, which has butyl(3-hydroxybutyl)tin as its major metabolite. Limited information suggests quite rapid metabolism and elimination, with half-lives of several days. Much of an oral dose of dioctyltin was eliminated in the faeces, with the remainder in urine. 

Administration of dibutyltin dichloride intraperito-neally to rats led to the formation of butyl(3-hydroxy-butyl)tm, butyl(4-hydroxybutyl)tin, and monobutyltin. The major metabolite (buty 1(3-hydroxybutyl)tin) was distributed to the kidney at a relatively high concentration compared with the other metabolites, and its concentration increased with time. Butyl(4-hydroxybutyl)tin was found in urine only. The parent compound and other metabolites were detected in the brain (Ishizaka et al., 1989). Dibutyltin diacetate was destarmylated by 14% within 90 h following a single oral dose in mice at 1.1 mg/kg body weight, with several butyltin derivatives found in the liver or faeces (Boyer, 1989). 

Perminks et al. (1987) reported that 80% of a single oral dose of dioctyltin dichloride at 2 mg/kg body weight was excreted in the faeces within 2 days. After 3 days, excretion of radioactivity followed first-order kinetics, with a half-life of 8.9 days. After intravenous administration, 66% of the radioactivity was excreted in the faeces, and a half-life value of 8.3 days was obtained, roughly similar to that of oral administration. Percentages of radioactivity excreted in the urine were 11% and 22% following intravenous and oral dosing, respectively. 

MacConkey s medium. This was introduced in 1905 to isolate Enterobacteriaceae from water, urine, faeces, foods, etc. Essentially, it consists of a nutrient medium with bile salts, lactose and a suitable indicator. The bile salts function as a natural surface-active agent which, while not inhibiting the growth of the Enterobacteriaceae, inhibits the growth of Gram-positive bacteria which are likely to be present in the material to be examined. 

Bismuth sulphite agar. This medium was developed in the 1920s for the identification of Salmonella typhi in water, faeces, urine, foods and pharmaceutical products. It consists of a buffered nutrient agar containing bismuth sulphite, ferrous sulphate and brilliant green. 

Tetanus occurs when Cl. tetani, ubiquitous in the soil and faeces, contaminates wounds, especially deep puncture-type lesions. These might be minor traumas such as a splinter, or major ones such as battle injury. At these sites, tissue necrosis and possibly microbial growth reduce the oxygen tension to allow this anaerobe to multiply. Its growth is accompanied by the production of a highly potent toxin which passes up peripheral nerves and diSuses locally within the central nervous system. It acts like strychnine by affecting normal function at the synapses. Since the motor nerves of the brain stem are the shortest, the cranial nerves are the first affected, with twitches of the eyes and spasms of the jaw (lockjaw). 

The sulphonamides show a considerable variation in the extent of their absorption into the bloodstream. Sulphadimidine and sulphadiazine are examples of rapidly absorbed ones, whereas succinylsulphathiazone and phthalylsulphathiazole are poorly absorbed and are excreted unchanged in the faeces. 

Figure 5,4 Pharmacokinetics. The absorption distribution and fate of drugs in the body. Routes of administration are shown on the left, excretion in the urine and faeces on the right. Drugs taken orally are absorbed from the stomach and intestine and must first pass through the portal circulation and liver where they may be metabolised. In the plasma much drug is bound to protein and only that which is free can pass through the capillaries and into tissue and organs. To cross the blood brain barrier, however, drugs have to be in an unionised lipid-soluble (lipophilic) form. This is also essential for the absorption of drugs from the intestine and their reabsorption in the kidney tubule. See text for further details...

Ingested glucosinolates Breakdown by plant myrosinase 0 Breakdown by bacterial myrosinase 0 Faeces... 

The lyophililized intestinal contents or faeces were treated for enzyme inactivation in 5 ml 96 % EtOH for 20 min at 75-80 °C. After addition of 5 ml water the mixture was stirred 30 min and centrifuged at 6000 g also for 30 min. In the supernatant galacturonan was estimated by the m-hydroxydiphenyl (MHDP) reaction [7] and OligoGalA were determined using HPTLC. In the dried residues, the content of galacturonan and the DE were estimated after extraction with 0.5 % EDTA. 

In intestinal contents and faeces from germfree rats quite high amounts of galacturonan were found, especially in the case of the pectin with the highest DE (Table 3). The isolated pectins were depolymerized to a small extent. The molecular weight distribution of pectins from intestinal contents and faeces remained relatively unchanged (Figures 1 and 2). 

Pectin jg intestinal contents and faeces of eermfree rats... 

Figure I. Pectins isolated from contents of of ileum, caecum and colon as well as from from faeces of a germfree rat (DE 92.6%).

Figure 2. Pectins isolated from faeces of germfree rats (collecting period I).

No or very low amounts of galacturonan were found in contents of caecum and colon and in faeces of most of the conventional rats (Table 4). Only in 1 or 2 animals of each group higher galacturonan concentrations were present in the lower parts of gastrointestinal tract as well as in faeces (Figure 3). 

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