SUBJECTS faeces

As it turns out, the fourth chapter of Albertus opusculum hermeticum happens to deal with the subject of The Sublimation of Mercury, and it also happens to make repeated mention of the pseudo-milk-chocolate, or faeces, encountered in the initial phases of an alchemical operation. It reads as follows ... 

The absorption and disposition of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate has been investigated extensively in humans and laboratory animals. In all species studied, the compound underwent rapid metabolism, with the urine and faeces being the major routes of excretion. Following oral administration, the bulk of a di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate dose was absorbed as the monoester, mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. This ester is also formed by esterases in the body following intravenous administration and is subject to extensive oxidative metabolism by the cytochrome P450 system. 

Faeces samples were obtained from 86 healthy subjects (34 male, 52 female, age 30 8 years) to acquire a wide inter-individual range. All individual stools were collected in their entirety during a period of 5 days in plastic containers. They were weighed and, at the end, homogenised and pooled. Aliquots of stools are lyophilised and then stored frozen at -20°C until analysis. 

Peak plasma concentrations are reached within about 2 to 3 h after oral administration. The terminal plasma elimination half-life is between 2 and 5 h. Nimesulide is subject to extensive metabolism. The principal active metabolite is 4-hydroxy-nimesulide. Nimesulide and its metabolites are excreted in the urine ( 70%) and the faeces ( 20%). 

Of crucial importance for the potential risk associated with this contamination of the diet is the question how much of the ingested PCDD/Fs is actually absorbed and retained in the body There is, however, remarkably little information on this subject. There is one report of absorption in an adult man where 87% of a single dose of radioactively labelled 2,3,7,8-Cl4DD dissolved in corn oil was taken up.77 In another study, in which only faeces samples from two individuals on an unmodified diet were analysed, it was found that the excretion rate was very high compared to the theoretical uptake rate,78 which would suggest that absorption is low. No work beyond these two somewhat contradictory studies was found. 

Disposition in the Body. Well absorbed after oral administration and subject to enterohepatic circulation decreased absorption may occur in subjects with impaired liver and biliary function. Metabolised by hydroxylation to active metabolites. The major metabolite is 25-hydroxycholecalciferol which is formed in the liver. This is further metabolised by la- or 24-hydroxylation in the kidneys. Most of a dose is excreted in the bile and eliminated in the faeces about 25% of a dose is excreted as conjugates. Unchanged cholecalciferol does not appear to be excreted in the urine. 

Disposition in the Body. Rapidly but incompletely absorbed after oral administration bioavailability about 65%. Up to 90% of an intravenous dose is excreted in the urine, mainly as unchanged drug with up to 14% of the dose as a glucuronide conjugate. 2-Amino-4-chloro-5-sulphamoylanthranilicacid has been reported as a metabolite in several studies, but in other cases it has not been detected and it has been suggested that it is an analytical artefact produced during acid extraction procedures. In normal subjects, about 6 to 18% of a dose is eliminated in the faeces after intravenous administration this may be increased to about 60% in renal failure. 

Disposition in the Body. Absorbed after oral or intramuscular administration. It is metabolised by conjugation with glucuronic acid or sulphate, de-iodination, oxidative deamination, and decarboxylation. It is excreted mainly in the bile and faeces, and is subject to enterohepatic circulation some iodide is excreted in the urine. 

Retinoids. Biosynthesis is included in a general review on vitamin A. The cis-trans isomerization of retinals by crude tissue extracts has been achieved/ After oral administration of the synthetic retinoid (187) to human subjects some eighteen metabolites were isolated from the urine and faeces, almost all having a shortened polyene chain/ °... 

When trace elements are analyzed in living subjects, the specimens that are available are limited. Usually only blood, urine, faeces or hair are available. Thus the tissues or organs of most interest, e.g. target organs for a toxic effect, may not be directly sampled and analyzed. The physiological factors that affect the relationship between the concentrations of a trace element in the target tissues and in the body fluids are thus very important. 

Biliary excretion and enterohepatic circulation ensures that flavonoids are continually subjected to further metabolism and degradation by colonic microflora. Only 50% of a dose of rutin was excreted in the urine after 48 h [61] less than 1% was in the form of its aglycone (quercetin), with the remainder being characterized as phenolic acids. In a recent study involving administration of C-quercetin to human volunteers, Walle et al. [62] showed that up to 81% of the oral dose was recovered as carbon dioxide in a 72-h period only 2-5% was excreted in the faeces, with 3-6% excreted in the urine. These studies demonstrate that quercetin undergoes extensive intestinal, bacterial, and systemic metabolism, resulting in a complex mixture of metabolites with altered bioactivity. 

A study in 16 healthy subjects showed that diflunisal 500 mg twice daily raised the steady-state plasma levels and the AUC of indometacin 50 mg twice daily about twofold. Combined use was associated with more gastrointestinal and CNS adverse effects, but there was no clear effect on blood loss in the faeces. Another study produced similar findings. ... 

After topical application to the skin of normal subjects, systemic absorption was extremely low and less than 1% of the applied dose of econazole was recovered in the urine and faeces. Systemically administered econazole does inhibit cytochrome P450 isoenzymes, but because of the low systemic availability after topical application, one manufacturer notes that clinically relevant interactions are rare. ... 

The animal metabolism of P is in large part related to that of Ca, and the Ca/P ratio is believed to affect the absorption and secretion of both of these elements. The dietary Ca/P ratio and its physiological effects has for a long time been a subject of investigation. This ratio, for example, affects the ratio of urinary P/faeces P excreted by the body. The metabolism of P is considerably more complex than that of Ca, and it has more known functions in the body than that of any other single element. 

Nitrogen balance is the difference between nitrogen intake and nitrogen output in the form of faeces, urine, milk and eggs. As an estimate of protein deposition in the animal s tissues, it is subject to several errors, and the results have been known to diverge from those of the comparative slaughter technique. 

Weickeb and collaborators [182] have studied the hpids in normal and in strongly chylous duodenal secretions obtained from a patient with exsudative enteropathy by means of a double baUoon tube principaUy neutral fats along with phospholipids and cholesterol could be detected with the help of TLC. Oleic acid, labehed with was introduced into the jejunum and 15 min later it was already possible with the help of TLC to detect active phosphohpids in the duodenal juice. With two healthy subjects, this increase in activity in the duodenal secretion took place only after 2 hours and was much less than with the patients suffering from enteropathy. Williams and co-workers [192] have investigated the hpid composition of faeces and faecohths from the appendix and foimd chiefly free fatty acids. The faecal sterols are mentioned below in section 4,... 

Bilirubin is not itself usually found in the faeces. It is subjected to the reductive action of bacteria in the lower reaches of the intestine and converted to stercobilinogen (urobilinogen)... 

Oral administration of 3 g of iopronic acid to human subjects resulted in the urinary excretion of 71% (average of six measurements) of the administered dose in the first 48 hours (9). Two subjects were tested for faecal excretion until the faeces were free of iodine-containing compounds. The total excretion amounted to 7.3% in one case and 9% in the other. In addition to iopronic acid (M3) the urine of the volunteers contained M2, Mi and Ml Fig. 14 illustrates the metabolic fate of iopronic acid in man with the relative amount of each metabolite in the urine over 48 hours. 

The chemical energy in the diet is distributed into different pools. Some energy is maintained in the faeces or is used to synthesise urea. The remaining metaboliseable energy is used for three purposes. Some energy is used to maintain the dynamic equilibrium of the subject s body and to perform all the... 

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