Faeces determination

The lyophililized intestinal contents or faeces were treated for enzyme inactivation in 5 ml 96 % EtOH for 20 min at 75-80 °C. After addition of 5 ml water the mixture was stirred 30 min and centrifuged at 6000 g also for 30 min. In the supernatant galacturonan was estimated by the m-hydroxydiphenyl (MHDP) reaction [7] and OligoGalA were determined using HPTLC. In the dried residues, the content of galacturonan and the DE were estimated after extraction with 0.5 % EDTA. 

Figure 7. HPTLC determination of OligoGalA during in vitro action of human faeces flora on low-esterified pectin (detection at 235 nm [left] and after treatment, with the MHDP reagent [right])...

Calcium exists in the human body as Ca(II) protein-bound and free Ca (II) ions (Dilana et al. 1994). For total extracellular Ca in plasma, serum and urine a definitive isotope dilution-mass spectrometry (ID-MS) method exist. Free Ca(II) in plasma/serum can be determined with PISE, but no definitive and reference methods exist. For Ca in faeces, tissue and blood flame atomic absorption (FAAS) is used widely. 

In the determination of metal ions in animal faeces, digestion with 12% perchloric and 56% nitric acids was in progress when an explosion occurred. This was attributed to one of the samples going to dryness on a sand tray heater. 

Marin et al. [33] determined the LAS concentration in the faeces of the marine mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis Lmk. The sample was pipetted, dried at 70°C and treated in the same way as sediment samples, referring to Matthijs and De Henau [34], and measured by HPLC with spectroscopic detection. 

L. Kolar, J. Kuzner and N.K. Erzen, Determination of abamectin and doramectin in sheep faeces using HPLC with fluorescence detection. Biomed. Chromatogr. 18 (2004) 117-124. 

It is not usually possible to measure the concentration of a drug at its sites of action. Plasma, which can be conveniently sampled, is generally used instead, but drug concentrations may be determined in other bodily fluids, such as saliva and cerebrospinal fluid, as well as, of course, the excreta, urine and faeces. There is often a relationship between plasma concentration and response, although this may sometimes... 

It is the apparent digestibility rather than the true digestibility that is usually determined. This is because substances in the faeces not arising directly from the food lead to an underestimation of the proportion of the... 

Dermal absorption was also studied in rats. [ C]Diethanolamine was applied to 19.5 cm of the dorsal skin (20 mg/cm, 1500 mg/kg bw) and covered for 48 h (no washing) or for 6 h before it was removed by washing. Absorbed [ Qdiethanolamine was determined in 48-h urine and faeces and from sampled tissues. FInwashed rats absorbed 1.4% and washed animals 0.64% of the dose, while the majority of [ C]diethanolamine was recovered in the occlusive wrappings (80%) and in skin of the dose site (3.6%). The radioactivity was found in carcass, liver or kidneys but very little in urine (0.11%), faeces or blood (Waechter etal., 1995, cited by Knaak etal, 1997). 

Keller S, Jahreis G (2004) Determination of underivatised sterols and bile acid trimethyl silyl ether methyl esters by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-single ion monitoring in faeces. J Chromatogr Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 813 199-207... 

It seems that overall percentage of absorption, determined by measuring plasma levels of flavonols after enzymatic hydrolysis, does not exceed 2-3% of the ingested dose. It is also likely that, as with other micronutrients, the existence of a steady-state concentration of these compounds could result in diminished absorption. Thus, it is conceivable that the major parts of these flavonoids are either degraded to phenolic acids in the large intestine or excreted in the faeces [72]. 

Plasma peak concentrations are achieved within 2 h and the elimination half-life is about 12 h. Within the clinical dose range, there is high plasma protein binding ( 97%). Celecoxib is metabolized primarily via cytochrome P450 2C9 to three inactive main metabolites. It is excreted in faeces ( 57%) and urine ( 27%) as determined by administration of a single oral dose of radiolabeled drug. Celecoxib is given orally (200-400 mg/day). 

Crystallographic identification of facial planes on tl crystal become possible through assignment of numerical values to a faec which represents its relationship to the crystal axes. Parameters, or relative intercepts, aie obtained hy plotting coordinates of crystal laces with respect to their crystallographic axes. The actual distances of axial intercepts of the crystal face are determined and expressed as a unit of measurement. The product of these values is known as Miller indices. 

GS Shephard, PG Thiel, EW Sydenham, R Vleggaar, JF Alberts. Determination of the mycotoxin fu-monisin B, and identification of its partially hydrolysed metabolites in the faeces of non-human primates. Food Chem Toxicol 32 23-29, 1994. 

Mainly lavatory pans and combinations of pans and cisterns are tested on their performance by means of a number of experiments. In the saw dust test the pan is sprinkled with 20 grammes of saw dust 5 times. By flushing once you should be able to remove most of the saw dust. In another test sponges shapes like faeces are placed in the pan and flushed away. The splash test is used to determine the amount of splashing water during flushing and whether or not it all ends up in the pan. 

Clearance of cyclosporin A and its metabolites proceeds mainly through excretion of bile into faeces. After an oral dose of [3H]cyclosporin A, only 4-6% of the radioactivity is excreted in urine within 96 h. Intact [3H]cy-closporin A contributes only a small proportion of the excreted radioactivity (0.1-0.2% of the dose). The elimination half-life of cyclosporin A from blood, determined by HPLC, amounts to 15.8 8.4 h. 

Megarrity and Siebert [55] have described a method based on AAS for the determination of ruthenium in grass and animal faeces. In this method the sample was ashed at 350 °C with a mixture of potassium nitrate and potassium hydroxide, dissolved in dilute nitric acid and analysed via AA spectrophotometry using a carbon rod atomiser. The method is particularly free from interferences and is suitable for the determination of ruthenium at concentrations of between 5 and 50 xg per gram of dry matter. The atomic adsorption wavelength employed in this study was 349.7 nm. 

At steady state the excretion of a persistent compound equals the uptake. In cows and hens, feed/soil is the only relevant source of PCDD/F uptake, and there are two forms of excretion faeces and milk/eggs. If, for a given PCDD/F uptake, the flux in the faeces can be determined, then the net transfer of PCDD/Fs from the feed to the food product (often referred to as carryover) can be easily calculated. Or, in other words, at steady state all of the persistent PCDD/Fs that are absorbed by the animal are transferred to the milk/eggs. Hence, we need to understand absorption in order to understand carryover. 

Steatorrhoea is the formation of non-solid faeces. Floating stools, due to excess fat, are oily in appearance and foul smelling. There is increased fat excretion, which can be measured by determining the faecal fat level. Possible biological causes can be lack of bile acids (due to liver damage or hypolipidaemic drugs), defects or a reduction in pancreatic enzymes (lipase), and defective mucosal cells. The absence of bile acids will cause the faeces to turn grey or pale. 

Sanchez-Patan, F. Monagas, M. Moreno-Arribas, M.V. Bartolome, B. 2011. Determination of microbial phenolic acids in human faeces by UPLC-ESI-TQ MS. J. Agric. Food Chem. 59 2241-2247. 

---