Extracts terminology

Recommendations of solvent extraction terminology have been published by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (lUPAC) [1,3-5]. Some excellent monographs on solvent extraction are listed in section 1.8.1 unfortunately, the older ones may only be available in large science libraries. Most of them deal either with a small sector of the field or are very comprehensive. Finally, in section 1.8.2, we have collected edited versions of proceedings of the International Conferences of Solvent Extraction (ISEC), which normally are held every three years. 

The next steps consist of the extraction and normalization of terms from the zoned input document. To this end, we apply standard natural language processing techniques and normalize the extracted terms to their canonical form with string manipulations and morphological analysis. The former refers to the treatment of symbols (e.g., dashes), and the latter refers to variations of words due to inflection (e.g., plurals). These steps of information extraction rely on, and make extensive use of, our terminologies and ontologies. 

To create our terminology containing both internal terms and external terms we semiautomatically extract terms from available external resources (e.g., MeSH, EMTREE, UniProt). Then we fit the extracted terms to our data structure and preserve the reference to the source system because sometimes terms are very specific to certain databases. We refer to the terms specific to a database as local terms. These local terms are stored in a dedicated data structure, the Metastore. It must be noted that we refer to accession codes and identifiers used in databases such as UniProt, RefSeq, and GO as local terms (see Tables 31.1 and 31.2). 

Besides the flat set of terms we also use and extract thesaurus relations such as synonymy , broader term and narrower term . By introducing these relationships we create a thesaurus from our terminology. The semantic knowledge encoded in the thesaurus is used for expansion of queries within the KSP and also for enriching the UltraLink. 

In addition to those already described, a number of other terminologies have been used to delineate quantitatively solvent extraction. The text that appears hereunder describes (in... 

Separation factor, as the terminology implies, concerns the accomplishment of separation of say one metallic species from the other. When two metal ions, X and Y, are required to be extracted from an aqueous solution, the separation factor, S, of the two metal ions is given by ... 

A different concept of chiral recognition was used by Lehn et al. (1978) for the differentiation between pairs of enantiomeric anions. Following the terminology used for metallo-enzymes, the chiral crown ether [309] acts as an apo-receptor, complexing a metal cation and thus becoming a chiral metal receptor that may discriminate between enantiomeric anions (cascade-type complexation). Extraction experiments with racemic mandelic acid dissolved in... 

Step-mobility-limited models can be further separated into two limits conserved and non-conserved [20]. This terminology refers to the local conservation of mass transport is said to be conserved if a surface defect generated at a step edge eventually annihilates at the same step or at one of the two adjacent steps. Thus, the motion of adjacent steps is coupled. The 1-D conserved model of Nozieres [21] predicts T a L, independent of Zo. On the other hand, in a non-conserved model the motion of adjacent steps is uncorrelated surface defects generated at a step edge can annihilate at any step edge on the surface. Uwaha [22] has considered this case and found x a L L/zay. In the discussion below, we will use these two limiting cases of step-mobility-limited models [21, 221 to extract the step-mobilities on Si(OOl) and Ge(OOl) surfaces from experiments on relaxation kinetics. 

Topspe proposed that corner sites are responsible for direct sulfur extraction (A Do) (53-60), but the exact nature of corner sites is not known. What is known is that the active sites for sulfur removal constitute only about 10% of all of the Co(Ni)-Mo-S sites as identified by Mossbauer emission spectroscopy (MES) (57). Thus, there is something special about some of the Co-Mo-S sites. Further study in this area is greatly needed to clarify this issue, and it is recommended that, in the future, authors use terminology in a uniform manner. Some suggestions for standardization are made in later discussions. 

Herbalists and traditional physicians use varying terminology because they approach diseases and the medicines used to treat them differently. This is also the reason why most herbal medicine books are of little use to a physician confronted with a desperately ill patient. Many of the drugs used in modem medicine are extracted from plants. But herbalists use whole plants, whereas traditional physicians use purified ingredients derived from plants. Traditional physicians and scientists generally believe that if a plant has any medicinal value at all, it is because different components of the plant act synergistically (Cupp, 2000 and General References). 

Variations between reagent responses maybe of minimal concern if the analytical data are intended solely to indicate major differences in soil behaviour (i.e., for comparative studies) and no special significance needs to be placed on the assignment terminology used, although the influence of other variables on extraction values probably contributes to the correlation problems associated with plant pot-trials. 

In common with other solid materials the determination of element speciation in soils presents a number of difficulties. Firstly, direct determination of speciation in the solid material, without prior separation of the species from the solid matrix, is generally limited to major component elements since few of the direct techniques available are sensitive enough for trace element studies. Resort to separation or extraction of element species presents the usual problem of maintaining the speciation unchanged during the extraction or separation procedure. Despite these difficulties, speciation studies related to nutrient element availability to crops have been a major topic in soil science for more than half a century, uncategorised, however, as speciation until the relatively recent adoption of this terminology. 

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