Extraction from plants

M.p. 190-192 C. The enolic form of 3-oxo-L-gulofuranolactone. It can be prepared by synthesis from glucose, or extracted from plant sources such as rose hips, blackcurrants or citrus fruits. Easily oxidized. It is essential for the formation of collagen and intercellular material, bone and teeth, and for the healing of wounds. It is used in the treatment of scurvy. Man is one of the few mammals unable to manufacture ascorbic acid in his liver. Used as a photographic developing agent in alkaline solution. 

The therapeutically active dmg can be extracted from plant or animal tissue, or be a product of fermentation (qv), as in the case of antibiotics. Frequentiy, it is synthesized and designed to correlate stmcture with therapeutic activity. Pharmacologic activity is first tested on laboratory animals. When the results ate encouraging, physical and chemical properties are determined in the so-called preformulation stage, and analytical procedures are developed for quahty control (see Qualityassurance/qualitycontrol). 

Extraction Processes of Material. Many ingredients used by the food and brewing industries are produced by extraction from plant matter. 

The definition of a drug differs between dictionaries and among the various professional specialisms. A search of the internet elicited various definitions and a paraphrase of the most memorable is a compound can be defined as a drug if, when injected into a rodent, it yields a scientific publication . Although this is a memorable definition, for the purposes of this review, however, a drug is defined broadly as a compound that has properties that influence the health of an animal when ingested or administered to that animal. A brief look at current literature will quickly convince the reader that this is a definition which covers man-made and natural compounds that can be extracted from plant material and microbes and iised. ... 

Data encoding The assignment of codes and identifiers to data extracted from plant records so that failure rates may be readily calculated. 

Alkaloids such as caffeine, coniine, and morphine (Figure A) are amines that are extracted from plants. 

Chlorophyll, as extracted from plants, is actually made up of two closely related compounds, chlorophyll A and chlorophyll B. These differ slightly in molecular structure and can be separated because they have different tendencies to be adsorbed on a finely divided solid (such as powdered sugar). 

API extracted from plant sources Collection of plants Cutting and initial extraction(s) Introduction of the API Starting Material into process Isolation and purification Physical processing. and packaging... 

Fig. 1. Spectrum of potato calluses isoperoxidases (a) non-infected plants protein extract, (b) protein extract from plants, infected by P. infestans. M - protein markers.

Preparation of carotenoid extract from plant oleoresin and hydrolysis with alkahne reagent in polar organic solvents (ether, polyhydroxyl alcohol, and ether alcohol)... 

This novel enzyme was the only esterase able to release acetyl from sugar beet pectin and removed about 30% of the total acetyl groups present. It also caused the release of acetyl groups from a range of other acetylated substrates, either synthetic or extracted from plants, in small amounts. PAE had an apparent molecular weight of 60 kDa and showed optimal activity at pH 5.5 and a temperature of 50 C. The enzyme is sensitive to buffer composition and requires a bivalent cation for optimal activity and stability. In purified form this enzyme proved unstable, especially in phosphate buffers. 

To confirm the validity ot DNA extracted from plants tor the PCR and tor specific detection of egg. 

To confirm the validity of DNA extracted from plants for the PCR and for specific detection of milk. 

Extraction of residues from soil samples is much more difficult than their extraction from plant or water samples. The pesticide residues in the soil exist often in several forms as bound residue , which may affect the extraction efficiency of pesticides from the soil. Then, various extraction methods such as organic solvent extraction, Soxhlet extraction, sonication extraction, microwave dissolution and supercritical fluid extraction (SEE) are used. Some extraction methods are described in the following. 

Acetochlor and its metabolites are extracted from plant and animal materials with aqueous acetonitrile. After filtration and evaporation of the solvent, the extracted residue is hydrolyzed with base, and the hydrolysis products, EMA and HEMA (Figure 1), are steam distilled into dilute acid. The distillate is adjusted to a basic pH, and EMA and HEMA are extracted with dichloromethane. EMA and HEMA are partitioned into aqueous-methanolic HCl solution. Following separation from dichloromethane, additional methanol is added, and HEMA is converted to methylated HEMA (MEMA) over 12 h. The pH of the sample solution is adjusted to the range of the HPLC mobile phase, and EMA and MEMA are separated by reversed phase HPLC and quantitated using electrochemical detection. 

Residues of flumioxazin are extracted from plant matrices with aqueous acetone. The extracted residues are partitioned into dichloromethane. The dichloromethane is removed through rotary evaporation. Partitioning between hexane-acetonitrile followed by Florisil column chromatography purifles the plant extract. Residues of flumioxazin are quantitated by gas chromatography GC. 

Hymexazol residues are extracted from plant materials with acetone and partitioned into aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution. The aqueous solution is washed with dichloromethane and diethyl ether. After acidification of the... 

Isoxathion is extracted from plant materials with aqueous acetone. The extracts are concentrated and partitioned with n-hexane after addition of sodium chloride. The n-hexane phase is collected and concentrated after dehydration. The extract is partitioned with n-hexane and acetonitrile. The acetonitrile phase is collected, concentrated, and subjected to Horisil column chromatography. Isoxathion is eluted with diethyl ether-n-hexane after washing the column with the solvent. Isoxathion in the eluate is concentrated and dissolved in acetone and injected into a gas chromatograph for quantitative determination. 

Milbemectin consists of two active ingredients, M.A3 and M.A4. Milbemectin is extracted from plant materials and soils with methanol-water (7 3, v/v). After centrifugation, the extracts obtained are diluted to volume with the extraction solvent in a volumetric flask. Aliquots of the extracts are transferred on to a previously conditioned Cl8 solid-phase extraction (SPE) column. Milbemectin is eluted with methanol after washing the column with aqueous methanol. The eluate is evaporated to dryness and the residual milbemectin is converted to fluorescent anhydride derivatives after treatment with trifluoroacetic anhydride in 0.5 M triethylamine in benzene solution. The anhydride derivatives of M.A3 and M.A4 possess fluorescent sensitivity. The derivatized samples are dissolved in methanol and injected into a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system equipped with a fluorescence detector for quantitative determination. 

OFAs from the first four, higher plants, were extracted from plants collected in the late summer of 1983. It should be noted here that yields of OFAs from E. mlcrocarpa were higher during the early Summer months when maximum growth was occurring. 

Not all of the classical extraction processes are suitable for ultrasonic enhancement. For example, among the existing techniques used to obtain bio-active extracts from plant material (direct distillation, water steam distillation, organic solvent extraction, maceration, cold/hot fat extraction, etc.) [195] the water steam distillation is not amenable to ultrasonic enhancement. 

In a sensitive and specific colorimetric method 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-methoxyphenyl)-ethane is extracted from plant or animal tissue, using benzene or petroleum ether as the solvent. The solvent is evaporated at room temperature by a current of air and the residue dehydroha log ena ted with 2% alcoholic potassium hydroxide. By petroleum ether extraction the resulting 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-methoxyphenyl)-ethylene is removed from the reaction mixture. After the solvent is removed by air evaporation the dehydroha log ena ted methoxychlor is isolated from the nonsaponifiable portion of the fats and waxes by dissolving the residue in hot acetone, chilling, and filtering. After the acetone is removed by air evaporation, the residue is treated with 85% sulfuric acid. This produces a red solution with an absorption maximum at 555 m/z, the intensity of which can be read on a colorimeter and is a function of the methoxychlor concentration. Beer s law is obeyed over the range of 1 to 50 micrograms. 

Sadly one of the by-products from his first step was the powerfully corrosive hydrochloric acid, a potentially serious pollutant. But Leblanc may have been so excited at making sodium carbonate that he hardly noticed. He had found a way to synthesize a purer and thus more efficient substitute for the alkali traditionally extracted from plant ashes. When perfected, his method would make stronger, more consistent soda with far more alkali than the best soda made from plants. He must have felt utterly elated. He was a patriot about to save French industry and win a fortune, 12,000 gold coins. 

Altogether 139 tropane alkaloids sensu stricto) have been isolated from different plant sources. The intensity of the search for new tropane alkaloids can be expected to continue. Although chemical syntheses have been developed for the basic tropane alkaloids, most of the pharmaceutically important alkaloids are more economically obtained in an industrial scale by extraction from plant material. This will probably be true in the immediate future as well. 

The use of dyes seems to have began over 10 millennia ago, when dyes of vegetable origin were apparently applied to the skin simply for amusement, for ritual purposes, or to identify or differentiate status or social group. All the dyes used in the past and up to the nineteenth century, when artificial dyes were first synthesized, were of natural origin most were extracted from plants, some from animals (Verhecken 2005). Common dyes well known since antiquity are listed in Table 92 (Kirby 1988 Celoria 1971). 

The main question is whether synthesis of PHA in plants can succeed in bringing the cost of the polymer down to the range of 0.5 -1 US /kg. Bacterial production of PHA typically relies on a carbon source, such as sucrose or glucose, which is produced from photosynthesis and extracted from plants. Synthesis of PHA directly in plants would, therefore, represent a saving in terms of the number of intermediary steps linking C02 fixation to PHA production. Furthermore, starch is one of the cheapest plant commodity product on the market, at about 0.25 US /kg [86]. It is, thus, likely that the production cost of PHA in plants will be substantially cheaper than bacterial fermentation. The final cost of producing PHA in plants will depend on a number of factors. 

Homeopathic remedies are very low dose therapeutical preparations produced from different source materials/substances (e.g. extracts from plants or animal tissues, animal secretions, minerals or chemical substances). The source substances are processed and diluted with water under defined conditions. The diluted homeopathic remedy (also called preparation) is then applied to the animal orally either as a liquid or after application of the remedy onto... 

For the characterization of compounds extracted from plants, wool and dye baths, acquisition in the NI mode is used. The main signals in the mass spectra of each colourant are attributed to deprotonated molecular ions [M H]. More detailed studies can be performed by ESI MS" with a quadrupole ion trap mass analyzer, and such a set-up was used e.g. for the investigation of photo-oxidation processes of components of weld and onion skins.[29]... 

The cholinesterase to determine the toxic activity may be chosen (i) in pure form of commercial enzyme from animals in a water buffer solution or using biosensors, enzyme preparation impregnated into a rigid matrix that significantly activates the enzymic activity and (ii) in the form of crude extracts from plant or animal tissues. 

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