Records exposure

Medical examinations are required by some OSHA regulations for workers before they can perform certain types of work. This work includes, at present, the following  

Asbestos abatement Lead abatement Hazardous waste remediation 

Physicians may require medical exams prior to wearing a respirator 

FIGURE 22.3 Diagram for determining OSHA Recordable Illness and Injury. (Courtesy of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration.) 

Exposure records (monitoring records) are to be maintained by the employer for 30 years. Medical records are to be maintained by the employer for the length of employment plus 30 years. 

Within 7 calendar days after you receive itiformation that a recordahlc work-nelatcd injur or illness has occurred you must fill out this form or an equivalent. Some state workers compensation, insurance, or other reports may be acceptable lubstiiuLes. To be considered an equivalent form, any substitute must contain all the information asked for on this form. 

According (0 Public Law 91-596 and 29 CFR 1904.05Ha s recordkeeping rule, you must keep this form on file for 5 years following the vear eo which it pertains. 

If you need additional copies of this form, you may photocopy and use as man) as you need. 

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A major application of data base in our laboratories is in the tracking of coatings test exposure data. The two types of exposure records currently implemented are for exterior hardboard siding coatings, and for coil coatings. While these two classes of substrates and the coatings used for them are quite different, the basic structure of the data and reporting requirements are not. 

Existing exterior exposure records were reviewed with respect to visual erosion ratios. 

Provision 1 is a continuation of current practice, but is used only when the reported deep dose equivalent does not exceed 25 percent of the specified limit. Provision 2 comes from application of a previous observation by NCRP (1978c) in conjunction with the proposal by Webster (1989) noted below. The observation was that exposure of the face and neck will exceed the exposure recorded under the apron by factors between 6 and 27. Using the smallest value in the range i.e., a factor of six) and the formula of Webster (1989), the result is the value of 0.3. Provision 3 comes from application of a proposal by Webster (1989) for the use of two monitoring devices, based on the experimental data of Faulkner and Harrison (1988). The proposal of Webster (1989) is discussed in Section 3.3.3. However, more recent information is available from which to derive conversions for both He and E from personal monitor values ofHp(lO). The current NCRP recommendations using this additional information are developed in Sections 3.3.2, 3.3.3 and 3.3.4. 

Figure 6. Transient Difference Signal Analysing at 4S0 nm for Samples of TMP with Varying Degrees of Methoxylation as a Function of Laser Shot Exposure Recorded 4 ps after the Laser Pulse.

This, of course, requires accurate and accessible exposure records which can be readily coupled to the population being viewed retrospectively. 

The two advantages of dosimeters derive from the fact that the final signal represents a record of total exposure over a given period. The dosimeter need not be continuously monitored, reducing power requirements substantially and a permanent record is available for documentation, important for such plications as health and safety monitoring. To obtain a comparable total-exposure record for reversible sensors requires maintaining a continuous record of response data for the entire time period of interest. 

Excavation The exposure, recording, and recovery of buried materials from the past. 

Since the platoon is the lowest level at which radiation exposure records are kept, replacements should be at platoon level. An ineffective platoon is either pulled out of a company, or the personnel are reassigned to different platoons with the same RES. A new platoon is then assigned to the company. This creates severe management problems for personnel replacement. All levels of command must follow these procedures. It may be difficult, but it keeps personnel from becoming incapacitated due to overexposure to radiation. 

Figure 2 shows the increase of the carbon peak to peak Auger intensity ratio IC /LPt as a function of exposure, recorded under 5 10 torr of prenal. 

Exposure records should be kept for employees entering areas with this concentration... 

Employers must inform employees of the existence, location, and availability of their medical and exposure records when anployees first begin anployment and at least annually thereafter. Employers also must provide these records to anployees or their designated representatives, upon request. Whenever an employer plans to stop doing business and there is no successor anployer to receive and maintain these records, the employer must notify employees of their right of access to records at least 3 months before the employer ceases to do business. The OSHA standards require the employer to measure exposure to harmful substauces the employee (or representative) has the right to observe the testing and to examine the records of the results. If the exposure levels are above the limit set by the standard, the employer must tell employees what will be done to reduce the exposure. 

Give employees access to medical and exposure records. 

Employee exposure record means a record coiitainmg any of the following kinds of information concerning employee exposure to toxic substances or harmfiil physical agents ... 

While the license is in effect, the NRC has the right to make inspections of the facility, the byproduct material, and the areas where the byproduct material is in use or stored. These inspections have to be at reasonable hours, but they are almost always unannounced. The inspector also will normally ask to see records of such items as surveys, personnel exposure records, transfers and receipts of radioactive materials, waste disposal records, instrument calibrations, radiation safety committee minutes, documentation of any committee actions, and any other records relevant to compliance with the terms of the license and compliance with other parts of 10 CFR, such as 19 and 20. Failure to be in compliance can result in citations of various levels or of financial penalties. Enforcement will be discussed further later. The NRC can require tests to be done to show that the facility is being operated properly, such as asking for tests of the instruments used in monitoring the radiation levels, or... 

A formerworkercanrequestareportofhis exposure records. The report mustbe provided within a 30-day interval or within 30 days after the exposure of the individual has been... 

The performance of a diagnostic X-ray machine should be checked at least annually with appropriate instruments by a qualified person. If the capability to do this is not available in-house, a qualified consultant should be hired to do the task. If any maintenance is done or if the machine is relocated, a survey should be undertaken for leakage radiation fromthe source. If the unit is moved to another facility, the exposure levels in the adjacent areas should be tested to ensure that the exposure levels are within the permissible limits forcontrolled and uncontrolled areas. Records of all maintenance, surveys, leakage checks, calibration, personnel monitoring, etc. should be maintained at the facility and at the radiation safety office. Because of the long latency period for cancer developing from radiation exposures, it would not be unreasonable to maintain personnel exposure records for up to 40 years. 

Dosimeters are the primary means of assessing external exposures. When required by a technical work document, personnel are required to wear dosimeters. Dosimeters are issued and monitored on a monthly or a quarterly basis, dependent on work requirements. Thermoluminescent Dosimeters (TLD s) are used at SNL as the basis for personnel dose exposure records. Self-reading dosimeters are used on an as-needed basis for specific jobs. Dosimeters are routinely maintained and calibrated by the SNL radiation protection organization In the ES H Center.. ... 

The results from this type of study are coupled with the second, very limited, source of toxicity data from previous chemical exposure records of workers. Chemicals are then classified in terms of their inferred, relative toxicity. The two extremes being practically non-toxic (probable lethal dose for a 70 kg human 15g/kg) to super toxic (probable lethal dose for a 70 kg human < 5 mg/kg) . ... 

Maintain any workplace exposure records created in connection with hazard drug handling for at least 30 years. Maintain medical records for the duration of anployment plus 30 years in accordance with the Access to Employee Exposure and Medical Records Standard (29 CFR 1910.1020). In addition, sound practice dictates that training records should include the following information ... 

Medical Records Access to Medical and Exposure Records (OSHA 3110— 2001). 

Recordkeeping The employer is to post a copy of the standard along with copies of operating procedures or is to keep these available for employee examination upon request. Also, there are requirements for maintaining exposure records from personnel monitoring. 

Preserve and maintain accurate medical and exposure records for each employee ... 

Inform employees of the existence, location, and availability of those medical and exposure records ... 

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