Nitro explosives 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene

Nitrogen-explosive compounds usually analysed by CL may be classified under three structural categories (i) nitroaromatic compounds, (ii) nitrate esters and (iii) nitramines. Examples of nitro-substituted hydrocarbons are nitromethane, trinitrobenzene (TNB), trinitrotoluene (TNT) and pentantiroaniline. Nitroglycerine (NG), ethylene glycol dinitrate (EGDN) and pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) are nitrate esters [5], The nitro-explosive compounds that are the result of the presence of nitro and nitrate groups can... 

Toluene, the common name for methylbenzene, can be combined (both chemically and in making names for compounds ) with three nitro groups to give the famous explosive trinitrotoluene or TNT. 

A very flexible way of getting new, simple names for compounds can be to combine a bit of systematic nomenclature with trivial nomenclature. Alanine is a simple amino acid that occurs in proteins. Add a phenyl group and you have phenylalanine, which is a more complex amino acid also in proteins. Toluene, the common name for methylbenzene, can be combined (both chemically and in making names for compounds ) with three nitro groups to give the famous explosive trinitrotoluene or TNT. 

A typical example of the substituent-director effect (regioselectivity) is the preparation of the well-known explosive trinitrotoluene (TNT) by nitration of toluene. A methyl group is activating and directs the nitro substituents into the ortho and para positions. 

The reactivity of nitro groups positioned olp- to other nitro groups has implications for the use of other polynitroarylenes as explosives. For example, of the numerous possible isomers of trinitrotoluene, only the symmetrical 2,4,6-isomer (a-TNT) is chemically stable enough for use as an explosive. Only in the case of the 2,4,6-isomer are the three nitro groups positioned m- to one another all other isomers of trinitrotoluene contain either one or two nitro group in... 

Before anything else can be said about IEs, some rudimentary chemistry is needed. From a cookbook perspective, all explosives (be they military, commercial, or improvised) require the same chemical building blocks, which consist of a fuel and an oxidizer. Some explosives have the fuel and oxidizer as part of the same molecule, such as trinitrotoluene (TNT), and some explosives are comprised of mixtures of separate fuels and oxidizers, such as ammonium nitrate-fuel oil (ANFO). The oxidizer employed by the vast majority of explosives tends to be the NO2 (nitro) group. It is so predominant as an explosive ingredient that the primary focus of detection methods traditionally has been to look for nitro-derived properties. IEs tend to utilize a more diverse range of oxidizers. Table 3.1 gives a list of the numerous oxidizer possibilities. 

Other explosives, discovered in the nineteenth century, were nitroglycerine, a liquid that is absorbed in a solid to make dynamite, and nitrocellulose, a solid that produces less smoke (smokeless powder). They are made by heating glycerine and cellulose with nitric acid, a process that adds nitro (-NO2) groups. Another important explosive is trinitrotoluene, made by heating (very carefully) toluene in nitric acid,... 

TNT is the abbreviation of the aromatic nitrated aromatic compound 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene. It is a pale-yellow crystalline solid that was first synthesized in 1863 by the German chemist Joseph Wilbrand (1811—1894), but it was not immediately used as an explosive. TNT is made by nitrating toluene using nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and oleum (a mixture of sulfuric acid and S03). Nitration of toluene occurs in stages, with the nitro units added sequentially in a stepwise process as the reaction proceeds. The last nitro unit is accomplished by using oleum (SO, dissolved in sulfuric acid). After nitration, unused acids are recycled, and the product is washed with sodium sulfite and water to remove impurities. 

Investigations carried out at that time revealed the outstanding value of cyclonite as an explosive its high chemical stability, which is not much lower than that of aromatic nitro compounds, and its great explosive power, which considerably surpasses that of aromatic nitro compounds, such as trinitrotoluene and picric acid. 

Ammonium nitrate explosives usually contain a certain amount of nitro compounds from mononitro (e.g. nitronaphthalene) to trinitro compounds (e.g. trinitrotoluene). 

Explosives and related compounds have become widely recognized as serious environmental contaminants. Among the nitrosubstituted aromatic compounds causing particular concern are 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (picric acid), and many nitro- and/or amino-substituted aromatics that result from the manufacture and transformation of explosives. The threat posed by the presence of these compounds in soil and water is the result of their toxicity and is compounded by their recalcitrance to biodegradation. 

Of the hydrocarbons toluene is the only one which nitrates sufficiently easily and yields a product which has the proper physical and explosive properties. Trinitrotoluene is the most widely used of the pure aromatic nitro compounds. It melts at such temperature that it can be loaded by pouring. It is easily and surely detonated, and is insensitive to shock, though not insensitive enough to penetrate armor-plate without exploding until afterwards. It is powerful and brisant, but less so than trinitrobenzene which would offer certain advantages if it could be procured in sufficient quantity. 

Trinitrotoluene. Interaction with potassium hydroxide in methanol at -65°C produces explosive aci-nitro salts. Added potassium hydroxide reduces the explosion temperature of TNT to 160°C.13... 

Solid trinitrotoluene (TNT) has been widely used as a military explosive. TNT is moderately to very toxic and has caused toxic hepatitis or aplastic anemia in exposed individuals, a few of whom have died from its toxic effects. It belongs to the general class of nitro compounds characterized by the presence of -N02 groups bonded to a hydrocarbon structure. 

Trinitrotoluene (TNT), Picric Acid (PA), Triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB), hexanitrostilbene (HNS), 2,4,6-(trinitrophenyl)methynitramine (Tetryl), 1,3,7,9-6H-benzotriazolo[2,l-a]benzotriazol-5-ium (TACOT) and their higher order nitro derivatives, are important nitroaromatic explosives. One of the competing initial steps in the detonation of these nitroaromatics has been shown to involve... 

The third nitro group of the explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) is introduced under similarly drastic conditions (into 2,4- or 2,6-dinitrotoluene). 

One or two nitro groups can be introduced by the direct nitration of benzene. The introduction of a third can be accomplished only with great difficulty and the yield obtained is relatively poor. For this reason trinitro derivatives of benzene are prepared by indirect methods. Higher nitrated derivatives of benzene-tetra- and hexanitrobenzene-are also known they can be obtained by special methods. Dinitrobenzene is the most important of them as an explosive. It was the most used substitute for trinitrotoluene. 

Of all nitro derivatives of toluene, trinitrotoluene is the most important as an explosive. It is by the most often used high explosive among those derived from aromatic compounds. It is popular because it is simple and relatively safe to manufacture, Mid has high explosive power, and above all because its high chemical stability and low sensitiveness to impact and friction make it safe to handle. In addition, its toxicity is low and thus it compares favourably in this respect with the nitro derivatives of benzene. 

The explosive properties of the compound TX differ considerably from those Of trinitrotoluene. Its explosive power is much lower than that of trinitrotoluene, which may be explained by the smaller number of the nitro groups present. Both T acid itself, and also its salts, are much more sensitive to mechanical and thermal stimuli than trinitrotoluene. 

Several nitro groups in one molecule can make it quite unstable and even explosive. Three nitro groups give the most famous explosive of all, TNT (trinitrotoluene), its kick. 

AUSTROGEL G1 is a safe-to-handle, cap-sensitive gelatinous ammonium nitrate explosive. This successor explosive replacing -> Gelatine Donarit 1 does not contain any nitro-aromatics harmful to health such as -> Dinitrotoluene and -> Trinitrotoluene, and is manufactured by the DYNAMIT NOBEL Wien Company. 

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