Molecular explosives

CASRN 88-89-1 DOT 1344 DOT label Class A explosive molecular formula CeHsNsO FW 229.11 RTECS TJ7875000 Merck Index 12, 7562... 

Polynitro derivatives of pentacyclo[5.4.0.0 .0 °.0 ]undecane have attracted interest as potential high-energy explosives. Molecular strain in this caged system could arise from both the constrained norbomyl moiety and the cyclobutane ring. Additional strain would be expected from nonbonding interactions if the S-endo and 1 l-endo positions were substituted with gm-dinitro groups. 

FausL W.L. Explosive Molecular Ionic Crystals. Science. 37 (July 7. t989>. Flam, F. Liquid Crystals Meet the Cosmos at APS Meeting." Science, 649 (May... 

Explosive class Explosive Molecular weight (amu) Vapor pressure at 25°C (torr)... 

Power index is based on the study of relationship between explosive molecular structures and the work power. Power index method refers that the work power of an explosive is the sum of all composition functions. It puts forward power index n. The calculation of work capability/ability of an explosive using power index method is in Eq. 2.47. 

Delpuech, A. and Cherville, J. (1978) "Relation Between Electronic Structure and Shock Sensitivity of Secondary Nitro Explosives Molecular Criterion of Sensitivity. Part I. Nitroaromatics and Nitramines", Propellants and Explosives, 3, pp. 169-175. 

New Chapter 28 Nucleosides Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids is new Its presence testifies to the importance of these topics and the explosive growth of our knowledge of the molecular basis of genetics... 

This reaction has often reached explosive proportions in the laboratory. Several methods were devised for controlling it between 1940 and 1965. For fluorination of hydrocarbons of low (1—6 carbon atoms) molecular weight at room temperature or below by these methods, yields as high as 80% of perfluorinated products were reported together with partially fluorinated species (9—11). However, fluorination reactions in that eta involving elemental fluorine with complex hydrocarbons at elevated temperatures led to appreciable cleavage of the carbon—carbon bonds and the yields invariably were only a few percent. 

Data Analysis. The computerization of spectrometers and the concomitant digitization of spectra have caused an explosive increase in the use of advanced spectmm analysis techniques. Data analysis in infrared spectrometry is a very active research area and software producers are constantly releasing more sophisticated algorithms. Each instmment maker has adopted an independent format for spectmm files, which has created difficulties in transferring data. The Joint Committee on Atomic and Molecular Physical Data has developed a universal format for infrared spectmm files called JCAMP-DX (52). Most instmment makers incorporate in thek software a routine for translating thek spectmm files to JCAMP-DX format. 

Commercially, pure ozonides generally are not isolated or handled because of the explosive nature of lower molecular weight species. Ozonides can be hydrolyzed or reduced (eg, by Zn/CH COOH) to aldehydes and/or ketones. Hydrolysis of the cycHc bisperoxide (8) gives similar products. Catalytic (Pt/excess H2) or hydride (eg, LiAlH reduction of (7) provides alcohols. Oxidation (O2, H2O2, peracids) leads to ketones and/or carboxyUc acids. Ozonides also can be catalyticaHy converted to amines by NH and H2. Reaction with an alcohol and anhydrous HCl gives carboxyUc esters. 

Alkyl hydroperoxides can be Hquids or soHds. Those having low molecular weight are soluble in water and are explosive in the pure state. As the molecular weight increases, ie, as the active oxygen content is reduced, water solubiUty and the violence of decomposition decrease. Alkyl hydroperoxides are stronger acids than the corresponding alcohols and have acidities similar to those of phenols, Alkyl hydroperoxides can be purified through their alkali metal salts (28). 

Diperoxyketals, and many other organic peroxides, are acid-sensitive, therefore removal of all traces of the acid catalysts must be accompHshed before attempting distillations or kinetic decomposition studies. The low molecular weight diperoxyketals can decompose with explosive force and commercial formulations are available only as mineral spirits or phthalate ester solutions. 

Di(hydroxyall l) Peroxides. The lowest molecular weight member of this group (2, X = Y = OH), di(hydroxymethyl) peroxide (R = R = OH) is a dangerously explosive soHd. With increasing molecular weight, di(hydroxyalkyl) peroxides become Hquids and eventually soHds of... 

Di(hydroperoxyall l) Peroxides. Low molecular weight di(hydroperoxyalkyl) peroxides (2, X = Y = OOH) are dangerously prone to explosive decomposition when they are pure. Some have been characterized by acylation to the corresponding diperoxyesters (2, X = Y = OOR, ... 

Cyclic Peroxides. CycHc diperoxides (4) and triperoxides (5) are soHds and the low molecular weight compounds are shock-sensitive and explosive (151). The melting points of some characteristic compounds of this type are given in Table 5. They can be reduced to carbonyl compounds and alcohols with zinc and alkaH, zinc and acetic acid, aluminum amalgam, Grignard reagents, and warm acidified iodides (44,122). They are more difficult to analyze by titration with acidified iodides than the acycHc peroxides and have been sucessfuUy analyzed by gas chromatography (112). 

Health and Safety Factors, Toxicology. Because low molecular weight phosphines generally are spontaneously flammable, they must be stored and handled in an inert atmosphere. The upper explosion limit is 1.6% and the upper limit is near 100% (93). The higher and less volatile homologues are more slowly oxidized by air and present less of a problem. 

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