Expert power

Managers, however, are not constrained to use only one form of power or leadership. In practice you will use a balance of different forms of power, organizational as well as personal. Kotter (1983) holds that managers who handle power successfully appreciate that all available power bases have merit. They try to develop their skills and credibility so that they can use whichever type of power is best for the circumstances, and which they and others are comfortable with. This means being sensitive to the source of the power you are using, so that you do not, for example, try to apply your expert power in one field to another field. 

Larson, Magali Sarfatti. 1984. The production of expertise and the constitution of expert power. In The Authority of Experts, edited by Thomas Haskell, 28-80. Bloomington University of Indiana Press. 

Expert power The possession of knowledge or expertise confers power on the holder, who can use this knowledge to influence others. This is... 

Similarly, high level of competence-based trust facilitates the effects of expert power on chain collaboration. Trusting the partner s competence makes the firm expect that tiie powerful partner has the expertise on how to reap the benefits promised by supply chain collaboration. The perceived uncertainties associating with collaboration with this capable partner is decreased. Hence, with high competence-based trust, the same level of expert power will have a larger effect on the firm s predisposition to share information and know-how. 

The efforts of the experts from Pivdenny have made it possible for Ukraine to become firmly established in the first three of space powers (after USA and Russia). More than 400 earth satellites developed in Pivdenny have been in space In recent years experts have developed the unique camer-rockets Zenith and Cyclone, capable of taking 4 and 14 tons into orbit, respectively. No other carrier-rockets of this type exist anywhere in the world, so they were selected for the international project Sea Start and Globalstar The NDT experts from Pivdenny have made a great contribution to these development, as practically all the parts and components of the carrier-rockets are subjected to thorough control. 

The pubhc perceives the risk of nuclear power to be much greater than that deterrnined by experts (4). Among explanations for the discrepancy are the behef in the possibiUty of a disaster and the association of reactors with weapons. Living 50 years within five miles of a nuclear power plant has been shown to be comparable in terms of risk to smoking 1.4 cigarettes during the same period (5). 

Computer Control. The use of computer systems to control the operation of submerged arc furnaces, including calcium carbide, has been successfully demonstrated in the United States (see Expert systems Process control). Operations direcdy under control are mix batching, electrode position and sHp control, carbide gas yield, power control, and cooling water systems. Improvements in energy usage, operating time, and product quaHty are obtained. 

Definition 2 is phrased in terms of knowledge-based systems rather than expert systems. No reference is made to expert human problem solvers. Definition 2 captures the sense that the representation and manipulation of knowledge is the source of such a system s power, whether or not that knowledge is dkecdy eHcited from a human expert. 

K. Parsaye and K. Y. Lin, "An Expert System Stmcture for Automatic Fault Tree Generation for Emergency Feedwater Systems for Nuclear Power Plants," in Proceedings of the Second IEEE Westex Conferences Anaheim, Calif., June, 1987. 

Quite generally, each sensitive spectiometric approach today requires instruments of rapidly escalating cost, and these have to be centralised for numerous users, with resident experts on tap. The experts, however, often prefer to devote themselves to improving the instruments and the methods of interpretation so there is a permanent tension between those who want answers from the instruments and those who have it in their power to deliver those answers. 

The high power density and narrow flow channels could cause fuel hot spots and flow starvation. Fuel experts at ORNL and ANL identified five types of defects three fuel IIIhomogeneities and two assembly errors to arrive at 4D, for fuel defects is 2.1 x 10-. / i... 

Many operators find it hard to grasp the power of compressed air. Section 2.2 (a) describes how the end was blown off a pressure vessel, killing two men, because the vent was choked. Compressed air was being blown into the vessel, to prove that the inlet line was clear. It was estimated that the gauge pressure reached 20 psi (1.3 bar) when the burst occurred. The operators found it hard to believe that a pressure of only twenty pounds could do so much damage. Explosion experts had to be brought in to convince them that a chemical explosion had not occurred. 

This chapter has discussed some of the factors that may affect equipment reliability and necessitate data adjustment. At this time, little documented assistance is available to help develop these data adjustments. It may be necessary to get help from experts in some situations. Lastly, failure rates are often reported to several decimal places, a precision frequently unwarranted by the data. It is suggested that only the failure rate s first significant number and associated exponential power be used. 

Pipe Break Frequency Estimation for Nuclear Power Plants Nuclear 19 occunences of pipe failures (breaks), supplemented by expert-opinion estimates Leaks of 1 gpm for 2 inches in diameter pipe 50 gpm tor all pipe for 81 nuclear plants 101. 

The aforementioned reviews and assessments were assimilated to characterize the effect of dielectric, rotational, and mechanical hazards on motor performance and operational readiness. Functional indicators were identified that can be monitored to assess motor component deterioration caused by aging or other accidental stressors. The study also includes a preliminary discussion of current standards and guides, maintenance programs, and research activities pertaining to nuclear power plant safety-related electric motors. Included are motor manufacturer recommendations, responses from repair facilities to a questionnaire, in-service inspection data, expert knowledge, USNRC-IE audit reports, and standards and guides published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). 

Phenyl-ethyl alcohol, or benzyl carbinol, has been known for many years, but its powerful rose odour has been entirely overlooked, its discovery having been made by an ordinary research chemist and not a perfumery expert. Its preparation was described in the Berichte (9, 373) in 1876, but the product there noted was evidently impure, as its boiling-point is recorded as 212°. Commercial specimens vary greatly in both their odour and their keeping properties, some samples deteriorating in odour very rapidly. It is, therefore, very important to -obtain it in a state of the highest purity. It has the following characters —... 

Although experts in agitator design are loath to admit to using such a simplistic rule, most scaleups of conventionally agitated vessels are done at or near constant power per unit volume. The consequences of scaling in this fashion are explored in Example 4.7... 

The computer has become an accepted part of our daily lives. Computer applications in applied polymer science now are focussing on modelling, simulation, robotics, and expert systems rather than on the traditional subject of laboratory instrument automation and data reduction. The availability of inexpensive computing power and of package software for many applications has allowed the scientist to develop sophisticated applications in many areas without the need for extensive program development. 

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