Experimental setup materials

After the static test mentioned above, the method is now tested for the impact and spreading of a glycerin droplet on a wax substrate and the computational results are compared with the experimental data of Sikalo et al. [32], The details of the experimental setup, material properties and computational model can be found in Refs. [33, 51]. The computed and experimental spread factor and contact line are plotted in Figs. 19a and b, respectively. These figures show that the present front-tracking method is a viable tool for simulation of interfacial flows involving moving contact lines. 

The development of Remote Field Eddy Current probes requires experience and expensive experiments. The numerical simulation of electromagnetic fields can be used not only for a better understanding of the Remote Field effect but also for the probe lay out. Geometrical parameters of the prohe can be derived from calculation results as well as inspection parameters. An important requirement for a realistic prediction of the probe performance is the consideration of material properties of the tube for which the probe is designed. The experimental determination of magnetization curves is necessary and can be satisfactory done with a simple experimental setup. 

An important method for producing semiconductor layers is the so-called molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) (see [3,12-14] and [15-19]). Here, atoms of the same or of a different material are deposited from the vapor source onto a faceted crystal surface. The system is always far from thermal equilibrium because the deposition rate is very high. Note that in this case, in principle, every little detail of the experimental setup may influence the results. 

Material response in THz frequency region, which corresponds to far- and mid-infrared electromagnetic spectrum, carries important information for the understanding of both electronic and phononic properties of condensed matter. Time-resolved THz spectroscopy has been applied extensively to investigate the sub-picosecond electron-hole dynamics and the coherent lattice dynamics simultaneously. In a typical experimental setup shown in Fig. 3.5, an... 

P-cluster pairs in, 17 307-308 structure of, 17 307-310 Mo-Fe-S clusters, 17 315 Mohavite, 4 133t Mohs hardness scale, 1 3-4 selected materials, l 3t Moire interferometry equations in, 17 426-428 experimental setup for, 17 428-429 in nondestructive evaluation,... 

Since the main intent in synthesizing our materials was the development of new versatile adsorbents capable of effectively removing either acidic or basic TICs at ambient conditions, the dynamic breakthrough experiments were carried out at ambient conditions. The details of the homemade experimental setup are presented in [42-44]. Ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and nitrogen dioxide were our target TICs. 

Figure 5.4 Schematic of the geometrical configuration for hydrogen-air flame and sofid fuel. The geometry corresponds to the experimental setup. The initial shape of the HED fuel was a circular arc segment as shown above. The relevant material properties air density = 1.91 kg/m , hydrogen density = 0.0898 kg/m . For the turbulent quantities at the inlet k = (O.OSf/miet) = 9.59 (m/s), = C fc / /(0.03Liniet) = 6360 m /s , jjkt = Cfe = 0.00248 kg/ms. For the fuel sample, m.p. is 450 K, latent heat of fusion is 72.7 J/g. Dimensions in mm. Air inlet velocity 103.3 m/s, hydrogen injection velocity 800 m/s...

The experimental setup is shown in Figure 5.1. Six picosecond (ps)-long pulses at 532 nm and 80 MHz repetition rate were delivered by a frequency-doubled, passively mode-locked NdYV04 laser (Hi-Q Laser Production, Austria). The maximum available average power of the laser was reduced by an external variable attenuator to about a few hundred milliwatts. The OPO gain material is a flux-grown KT10P04 crystal,... 

To determine Sb in marine sediments by ETAAS, a direct method was developed based on quantitating the analyte in the liquid phase of the slurries (prepared directly in autosampler cups). The variables influencing the extraction of Sb into the liquid phase and the experimental setup were set after a literature search and a subsequent multivariate optimisation procedure. After the optimisation, a study was carried out to assess robustness. Six variables were considered at three levels each (see Table 2.13). In addition, two noise factors were set after observing that two ions, which are currently present into marine sediments, might interfere in the quantitations. In order to evaluate robustness, a certified reference material was used throughout, BCR-CRM 277 Estuarine Sediment (guide value for Sb 3.5 0.4pgg ). Table 2.13 depicts the experimental setup. 

We have recently conducted a set of intracavity second harmonic generation experiments using the organic nonlinear material DAN (4-(N,N-dimethylamino)-3-acetamidonitrobenzcne) and an optically pumped cw Nd YAG laser (2). Figure 3 shows the experimental setup. Quasi-cw operation was achieved with crystal samples immersed in index matching fluid in an antireflection coated cuvette that was placed internal to the Nd YAG laser cavity. 

The crucial point is to simulate the previously identified basic stress modes impact and friction under well defined stress conditions. This way, material properties can be related to attrition caused by these stress modes and the respective attrition mechanisms in effect. For this purpose it was chosen to perform single particle experiments in simple experimental setups to realize the defined stress conditions. Details on these setups are given in the next section. 

The results presented show that three levels have to be distinguished when investigating attrition processes. The first one is the stress mode as derived from the process function which is essential to know if the attrition process is to be simulated successfully in a simple experimental setup. The second point is the material reaction to this stress mode, i.e. the material function which varies depending on material properties like storage and loss modulus as measured by DMA. Finally, the microscopic attrition mechanisms (see [18] for impact and [19,20] for sliding friction) describing the formation of attrition on a microscopic scale constitute the bottom level. 

Figure 13.6 shows a schematic for IGC operation. Inverse, in this instance, refers to the observation that the powder is the unknown material, and the vapor that is injected into the column is known, which is inverse to the conditions that exist in traditional gas chromatography. After the initial injection of the known gas probe, the retention time and volume of the probe are measured as it passes through the packed powder bed. The gas probes range from a series of alkanes, which are nonpolar in nature, to polar probes such as chloroform and water. Using these different probes, the acid-base nature of the compound, specific surface energies of adsorption, and other thermodynamic properties are calculated. The governing equations for these calculations are based upon fundamental thermodynamic principles, and reveal a great deal of information about the surface of powder with a relatively simple experimental setup (Fig. 13.6). This technique has been applied to a number of different applications. IGC has been used to detect the following scenarios ...

Fig. 5. Schematic of the experimental setup for the pressure injection of materials into the nanochannels of a porous template.

Pressure injection bismuth nanowires, 175-177 experimental setup, 174 nanowire fabrication, 173-177 template requirements, 175 Washburn equation, 174-175 Pressure swing adsorption, adsorption, 80 Protein microtube-mediated synthesis, nanostructured materials, 15-16 Purification, olefin-diene, 117... 

In a search for new catalysts, it is often necessary to compare the activity of different materials. For such a comparative study of different catalysts in the same experimental setup, it is necessary to obey certain rules. 

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