Typical Experimental Setup

Polymer Morphology Principles, Characterization, and Processing, First Edition. Edited by Qipeng Guo. 2016 John Wiley Sons, Inc. Published 2016 by John Wiley Sons, Inc. 

SMALL-ANGLE X-RAY SCATTERING FOR MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF SEMICRYSTALLINE POLYMERS 

J (scattered beam)/yo (ineident beam). It has the dimension of area per solid angle 

the scattering vector s is defined as the difference of the wave vector k of the scattered beam and the wave vector of the incident beam. 

Bragg scattering angles 2d in SAXS reach up to about 5°. The detection of the scattered intensity is usually realized with electronic detectors as, for example, proportional counters, scintillation counters, or semiconductor-based counters. Point detectors and position-sensitive devices are common. 

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A typical experimental setup for NEMCA studies is shown in Figs. 4.1 and 4.2. Two types of catalytic-electrocatalytic reactors can be used ... 

The typical experimental setup (here the experiment established at beamline G3/ HASYLAB [12] is shown) is outlined in Figure 5. The white synchrotron radiation is monochromatized by a double crystal monochromator using the Ge (311) reflection... 

In almost every case, experimenters who use the resonant nuclear reactions have chosen to detect and count the gamma rays, but the alpha particles can also be used (Umezawa et al., 1987, 1988a). There seems to be no published comparison of the results using alpha particle and gamma ray detection. Fig 2 shows a typical experimental setup using a gamma ray detector. 

Material response in THz frequency region, which corresponds to far- and mid-infrared electromagnetic spectrum, carries important information for the understanding of both electronic and phononic properties of condensed matter. Time-resolved THz spectroscopy has been applied extensively to investigate the sub-picosecond electron-hole dynamics and the coherent lattice dynamics simultaneously. In a typical experimental setup shown in Fig. 3.5, an... 

Figure 3 shows one of our photoacoustic cell for X-ray spectroscopy of solid samples The cylindrical cell has a sample chamber at the center with volume of 0.16 cm which has two windows of beryllium (18 mm x 0.5 mm thickness). A microphone cartridge is commercially available electret type (10 mm ) and the electronics of preamplifier for this microphone is detailed elsewhere Figure 4 shows the typical experimental setup for spectroscopic study X-ray was monochromated by channel cut silicon double crystal (111) and ion chamber was set to monitor the beam intensity. Photoacoustic signal intensity was always divided by the ion chamber current for the normalization against the photon flux. X-ray was modulated by a rotating lead plate (1 mm thick) chopper with two blades. 

Figure 10.5 Schematic diagram of a typical experimental setup.

To preface the presentation of factors affecting kinetics measurements by time-resolved mass spectrometry in the next section, it is useful to see how a typical experimental setup would be configured. The following is a description of the apparatus originally designed and built in the author s laboratory at the University of Minnesota by S. B. Moore [35], and subsequently modified and improved, primarily by Fuxiang Wu. 

Figure 1. Typical experimental setup for neutron imaging of a fuel cell (reprinted from30 Copyright (2004), with permission from Elsevier).

For TOLAS measurement in PEMFCs, the laser diode as the transmitter and the photodiode as the detector are used. In a typical experimental setup with TOLAS as Basu et al. reported, the laser beam from the distributed feedback diode (DFB) laser at a wavelength of 1470 nm was split using a bifurcated optical fiber. One leg... 

A typical experimental setup is illustrated in Figure 1. Typical measurements were conducted in a tube furnace consisting of an alumina tube through which mixed fuel and air flowed. Current collectors of Pt or Au mesh for the anode or cathode, respectively, were used to gather electronic data while thermocouples were used to monitor the temperature, although... 

FIGURE 13.18 Typical experimental setup for the (P T) generation collection and determination of volatile germanium hydrides from water samples after borohydride derivatization. 

To clarify the mutual interactions between the gas bubbles and its surrounding liquid flow (mostly turbulent) in a bubbly flow, information of bubble s shape and motion is one of the key issues as well as the surrounding liquid velocity distribution. Tokuhiro et al. (1998, 1999) enhanced the PIV/LIF combination technique proposed by Philip et al. (1994) with supplementation of SIT to simultaneously measure the turbulent flow velocity distribution in liquid phase around the gas bubble(s) and the bubble s shape and motion in a downward flow in a vertical square channel. The typical experimental setup of the combination of PIV, LIF, and SIT is shown in Figure 14. The hybrid measurement system consists of two CCD cameras one for PIV/LIF (rear camera) and the other for SIT (front). The fluorescent particles are Rhodamine-B impregnated, nominally 1-10 pm in diameter with specific density of 1.02, and illuminated in a light sheet of approximately 1 mm thickness (Tokuhiro et al., 1998,1999). The fluorescence is recorded through a color filter (to cut reflections) by the rear camera. A shadow of the gas bubble is produced from infrared LEDs located behind the gas bubble. A square "window" set within the array of LEDs provides optical access for... 

In this case, laser light is focused with suitable lenses to a diffraction-limited spot. For reviews on instrumentation and application see [iv, v]. A typical experimental setup is depicted below... 

For photochemical reactions, usually the lamp configuration with an annular discharge gap is preferred. Consequently, a typical experimental setup is demonstrated schematically by Fig. 4-13 (Oppenlander, 1997 a, Oppenlander et al., 1996, 1995, Oppenlander and Baum, 1994, Braun et al., 1993). It consists of a cylindri-... 

Figure 4. Typical experimental setup for recording and reading out reflection-geometry holograms.

A typical experimental setup for the determination of thermal contact resistance (from Song et al.). 

The first question that had to be answered was. What were the optimal experimental conditions to photoinduce and photoeliminate birefringence. A typical experimental setup is shown in Figure 13.3. Since the polymer film is absorbing the pump light, we could calculate a maximum film thickness that would not completely absorb the pump beam. This is approximately 4 divided by the initial film absorptivity thus, in the case of pDRlA and pDRlM homopolymers, the useful thickness cannot exceed 300 nm. Obviously, polymers with lower absorptivities at the laser wavelength or with lower chromophore concentration can afford thicker useful films. 

Figure 14.3 shows a typical experimental setup employed for inscribing SRGs. The 488 or 514 nm line of an Ar laser is split into two beams of equal intensity with appropriate polarizations, and it is made to impinge on the sample surface. The periodicity. A, of the resulting grating can be predicted... 

PKS. 14.3 Typical experimental setup for prodtrdng SBGs on an azobenzene-containing film. A laser beam, usually from an Art- (4S8 nm or 514 nm) laser, is polarized, spatially filtered, and collimated. 

The motion of the droplet in an applied electric field distorts the relationship between the charged center and the outer layer to create a dipole. With this simplistic view, it is possible to understand the principle behind electrophoretic mobility, whereby the relative motion of particles or emulsion droplets is measured with an applied electric field. These measurements often depend upon microscopic observation of the droplet motion in the applied electric field and a calculation of droplet velocities to determine their electrophoretic mobility. Figure 11 is a schematic of a typical experimental setup. 

Figure 1.1 Typical experimental setup used for the combined application of micro-optical and electrochemical methods along with in situ microscopic sample monitoring. The electrochemical cell is mounted on an x,y,z-stage and can be scanned with submicron resolution. Besides the nl-photoresistdroplet, the contact cell shown can also be used [39].

Fig. 1.52. Typical experimental setup for a pulsed molecular beam experiment for studying the catalytic properties of size-selected clusters on surfaces. It mainly consists of a pulsed valve for the generation of a pulsed molecular beam and a differentially pumped, absolutely calibrated quadrupole mass spectrometer. The length of the valve extension tube is adjusted to obtain a beam profile of similar dimensions as the sample under investigation. A typical time profile is also shown. It can be adjusted up to continuous operation. The pulse-to-pulse stability is better than 1%...

A diagram of a typical experimental setup for laboratory studies on electro-osmotic dewatering is shown in Fig. 8, which is taken from Chen and the laboratory of Mujumdar and Weber at McGill University here EOD is being used to flush out heavy metals from the clay (see Section VI below). 

A typical experimental setup that allows both UHV and electrochemical measurements is shown in Figure 10.6. 

Another strategy to synthesize the particle from volatile organometallic precursors is achieved by promoting homogeneous gas-phase nucleation, the so-called chemical vapor synthesis (CVS). " In this case, the precursor is evaporated using a carrier gas and reacted with a co-substrate (e.g., O2) to produce the desired material, which can be collected as powder. The typical experimental setup is assembled according to Figure... 

Phenomenological Description. Figure I shows a typical experimental setup for measuring freezing potentials and currents. The ice is grown on a platinum (or palladium) base or substratum that serves the double purpose of heat sink and electrical ground. A platinum electrode... 

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