Experimental Investigations Reported in the Literature

Several recent papers [6-12] have reported the use of microplate or microcharmel cells for electro-organic synthesis purposes. The most important characteristics of these investigations are given in Table 17.1. The cell overall widths and lengths are in the centimeter range whereas the inter-electrode gap is between 25 and 320 pm. Various electrode materials are used glassy carbon is often preferred for electro-organic oxidation reactions, whereas reductions are carried out on stairJess-steel, platinum or nickel electrodes. 

Different electro-organic reaction systems have been studied. The anodic reactions investigated are mainly the four-electron methoxylation of 4-methoxytoluene [6, 7, 11, 12] and the two-electron methoxylation of furan to 2,5-dimethoxy-2,5-dihydrofuran [10], but also other methoxylation and acetoxylation reactions [11]. Methoxylation reactions are performed in methanol as a solvent, whereas acetoxyla-tions are performed in acetic add. Moreover, Kiipper et al. [7] reported the anodic two-electron decarboxylation of sodium glucanate in an aqueous medium. The cathodic 

Reaction system (s) - electrode material -electrolyte composition 

Anode material Cathode reaction Cathode material Solvent  

1 methoxylation of 4-methoxytoluene (4e 2 decarboxylation of sodium glucanate glassy carbon hydrogen formation stainless steel 1 methanol 2 water 1 KF 0.01 M or without 2 Na acetate 

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The data were extracted from a number of experimental investigations reported in the literature for the development of the previous equation. The Oroskar-Turian correlation and others appearing in the literature were all developed to describe critical deposition velocity of Newtonian carrier fluids with various solid types, sizes, and concentrations. 

Based on the experimental investigations reported in the literature, using both invasive and non-invasive techniques [73], it is recognized that most CFBs operating in hefastfluidizationflow regime are subject to predominantly downflow of relatively... 

The deviating experimental observations reported in the literature indicate that further experimental investigations are needed determining reliable correlations for which physical systems and under which flow conditions the equal- and unequal breakage outcomes occur. 

In this chapter I have reviewed some experimental results of highly dispersed (nearly exfoliated) nanocomposites, prepared by mixing, based on thermoplastic polymers, block copolymers, and liquid-crystalline polymers. In this chapter I have presented the experimental results mostly from my own publications during the past 5 years, because I know very well how the experimental results were obtained and I have confidence in the accuracy of the experimental results. This does not imply that the experimental results reported in the literature by other investigators are less important than mine. However, the readers are reminded that the primary objective of this chapter is to summarize the importance (or necessity) of having sfiong attractive interactions, via specific interaction, between the polymer matrix and the surface of clay, pristine or chemically modified, in order to obtain exfoliated nanocomposites. 

Although pycnometric measurements are simple and straightforward in principle, there are enough pitfalls in the method when applied to clay systems to explain the considerable deviations in the results of various investigations reported in the literature. Experimentally, the completely air-free loading of the pycnometer with sufficient amounts of a clay, particularly the gelling clays, to obtain accurate data is difficult. The determination of the dry weight of the clay in the pycnometer requires that the clay is vacuum dried and completely handled in a dry box. 

At the time of writing, in all papers published on adsorption studies on oxides surfaces, spectra have been reported of samples held at the ambient temperature of the sample compartment. It is obvious that when dealing with very volatile adsorbates, low temperature sample cells may be required to increase adsorption and also to prevent rapid desorption of the adsorbed species. In some instances, it is also desirable to record the spectra of species held at elevated temperatures for better correlation with industrial catalytic systems. It should be noted that there are only a few infrared spectra reported in the literature for high temperature studies of catalytic reactions. Sample emission at elevated temperature is a significant experimental complication in investigations of this type. 

The schemes of the test sections reported in the literature are shown in Fig. 4.5. The geometrical parameters are presented in Tables 4.4 and 4.5. Peng and Peterson (1996) investigated experimentally the single-phase forced convective heat transfer... 

This and the following chapters are areview of the materials that aredepositedby CVD, either onaproductionbasisor experimentally. The listing i s not all inclusive as the CVD of many elements and compounds has yetto be investigated or at least adequately reported in the literature. Each material is listed with its basic properties, its maj or CVD reactions and processes, and its present and potential applications. 

It is important to stress that the energetics of reactions 4.25 and 4.27 are usually not amenable to direct experimental investigation. Indeed, proton affinities, gas-phase basicities, and gas-phase acidities reported in the literature were not... 

So far no single retention mechanism has accounted satisfactorily for all the observations made in ion-pair chromatography with detergents. Since objections can be raised to the mechanistic interpretations given by investigators to their experimental observations, it behooves us to propose a mechanism which appears to reconcile most of the data reported in the literature. In fact, a single mechanism is not likely to operate over the entire... 

Despite the fact that the hydrolysis of the ferric ion is exceedingly sensitive to various experimental parameters (temperature, pH, etc.), hematite (a-Fe203) and akageneite ((3-FeOOH) were apparently the first reasonably uniform colloidal metal (hydrous) oxides dispersions reported in the literature, as already indicated in the introduction. Since then, this family of compounds has been the most extensively investigated, with specific emphases on particle uniformity, composition, and morphology. 

The CD spectral investigation of optically active bi[10]paracyclophanes (47), in which two planar and one axial chirality elements are incorporated, was reported in the literature [57]. The experimental CD spectrum of enantiomerically pure (RV,SP)-47, which was derived from the corresponding diastereomeric tetra-(S )-camphanoate, was found to be in good agreement with that calculated for the (aA)-isomer, but approximately the mirror image of the spectrum computed for the (aSHsomer (Fig. 11). Thus, the CD spectrum can be interpreted mostly in terms of the axial chirality, indicating that the effects from the planar chirality of cyclophane units were more or less cancelled out. 

In axisymmetric flow situations, the global pressure drop in a capillary rheometer is well described by the three constitutive equations. If one focuses on the entrance pressure drop, the numerical entrance pressure drop related to Bagley correction is foimd to be less important than the corresponding experimental data for the differential models for LDPE and LLDPE melts. For the Wagner integral constitutive equation, the computed entrance pressure drops are found to be lower for both fluids, but the computed values are closer to the experimental data for LLDPE than those related to the LDPE melt. This descrepancy, previously reported in the literature, needs further investigation. 

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