Electro-Organic Syntheses

M. Krumpelt, E. Y. Weissman, and R. C. Alkire, eds.. Electro-organic Synthesis Technology, AIChE Symposium Series, Vol. 75, number 185, AlChe, New York, 1979, p. 109. 

M.M. Baizer, Recent Developments in Electro-Organic Synthesis, Naturwiss. 56, 405 (1969). 

These devices have a special function vhich allows them to perform electro-organic synthesis. Typically, they contain electrode structures to generate electrons as tunable reactants . Often, these electrodes are constructed as plate-type structures, sometimes also being the construction material for the channels themselves. 

Silvestri G, Gambino S, Filardo G (1987) In Torii S (ed) Recent advances in electro-organic synthesis, Kodanska, Tokyo, p 287... 

R. D. Little, M. Schwabe and W. Russu, in Novel Trends in Electro-organic Synthesis (Ed. S. Torii), Kodansha, Tokyo, 1995, p. 123. 

Budnikova YH, Yusupov AM, Kargin YM (1995) In Torii S (ed) Novel Trends in Electro-organic Synthesis, Kodansha, Tokyo, p 187... 

Electroanalytical chemists and others are concerned not only with the application of new and classical techniques to analytical problems, but also with the fundamental theoretical principles upon which these techniques are based. Electroanalytical techniques are proving useful in such diverse fields as electro-organic synthesis, fuel cell studies, and radical ion formation, as well as with such problems as the kinetics and mechanisms of electrode reactions, and the effects of electrode surface phenomena, adsorption, and the electrical double layer on electrode reactions. 

The final problem encountered in discharge is electrode fouling. This is especially important in electro-organic synthesis, a topic which will be discussed later. 

The previous section discussed the structure at the junction of two phases, the one a solid electron conductor, the other an ionic solution. Why is this important Knowledge of the structure of the interface, the distribution of particles in this region, and the variation of the electric potential in the double layer, permits one to control reactions occurring in this region. Control of these reactions is important because they are the foundation stones of important mechanisms linked to the understanding of industrial processes and problems, such as deposition and dissolution of metals, corrosion, electrocatalysis, film formation, and electro-organic synthesis. 

Udupa HVK, Some Electro-organic Technology Implimented in India, International Symposium on Electro-organic Synthesis, Kurashiki (Japan), 31. 10—03. 11. 86, p 54... 

Weinberg, N. L. (1974). (ed.) Techniques of Chemistry V Technique of Electro-organic Synthesis, Parts I and II, Wiley, New York. 

In the literature of recent years, we indeed see more and more publications on the study and development of novel nonaqueous high energy density battery systems, nonaqueous electro-organic synthesis, and mechanistic studies. This parallels worldwide efforts to commercialize nonaqueous lithium and lithium-carbon batteries. Hence, it is important to gather from time to time the knowledge accumulated in these areas, to update the literature and provide the increasing number of people working in this field with a comprehensive compendium on the practical and theoretical aspects of nonaqueous electrochemistry. 

Explorations of new electrochemical routes to traditional as well as specialty chemicals via electro-organic synthesis have given rise to a search for more efficient electrochemical reactors. The radial flow reactors or cells show promise compared to the conventional parallel plate configurations. A typical radial flow reactor is schematically shown in Fig. 39, which includes the... 

We shall not develop this theme further since exhaustive treatments are available, mainly in connection with electro-organic synthesis (Eberson and... 

N. Schultz, S. Toteberg-Kaulen, S. Dapperheld, J. Heyer, M. Platen, K. Schumacher, E. Steckhan, in Recent Advances in Electro Organic Synthesis, Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Electroorganic Synthesis (Ed. S. Torii) Elsevier, Amsterdam 1987, 127-135. 

I Cretescu, M Macoreanu. Novel Trends in Electro Organic Synthesis. S Torii, ed. Tokyo Springer, 1998, p 333. 

CJ King, CE Clutchens. Electro Organic Synthesis and Product Recovery, 11th Int Forum on Electrolysis in the Chemical Industry. Clearwater, FL Electrosynthesis Company, E. Amherst, NJ November 2-6, 1997. 

A special cell concept combining ease of construction and scale-up is the capillary gap cell, which is mainly applied in electro-organic synthesis, where low conductivities of the electrolytes are a major problem, Figs 6 and 7, [13, 28, 67, 89], The cell consists of circular disk electrodes with a small interelectrode gap (1-2 mm) to minimize the ohmic voltage drop in the electrolyte. The electrolyte... 

Another design that is used in chlo-ralkali electrolysis, water electrolysis, and electro-organic synthesis [95-97] is the solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) cell, where an ion exchanger membrane, for example, Nafion , serves as the electrolyte, Fig. 9. The microporous catalytic reaction layers are pressed directly onto the membrane with porous current collectors allowing transport of dissolved reactants and gaseous products into and out of the reaction layer. 

The advantages of SPE technology are as follows electro-organic synthesis without an additional supporting electrolyte, reduced energy demand for separation and recycling processes, and elimination of side reactions with the electrolyte at moderate reaction conditions with ease of process control. 

Fig. 14.4 Principle of redox-catalyst-mediated electro-organic synthesis on a solid phase.31 Reproduced by permission of the author and Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Co KGaA)...

Therefore, RTILs may be considered versatile reaction media and a more extensive utilization in electro-organic synthesis must be supported. The possible utilization of... 

When formulating an electro-organic synthesis on a laboratory scale, the proper choice of reactor, electrolyte composition, and electrode materials must be made. 

Manufacturing and waste utilization Current applications and emerging technologies are reviewed, and dominant economic considerations are noted for electrolytic processes, electro-organic synthesis,... 

There are about 30 electro-organic synthesis processes thought to be in production and 100 additional ones that have been demonstrated to be feasible on bench scale. In recent years electrocatalysis has been shown to have significant promise in such reactions in many cases, these simulate biological processes and show equivalent selectivity. 

Unfortunately, high-activity stable catalysts have not yet been found for the other electrocatalytic processes listed here. Highly active electrocatalysts are not necessarily required for electro-organic synthesis of specialty chemicals such as would be of interest for the pharmaceutical industry in this case selectivity is more important. 

Electro-organic Synthesis Technology, ed M. Krumpelt, E.Y. Weissman and R.C. Alkire, AIChE Symp. Ser. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York, 1979, Vol. 185, p. 75. 

J. Jorissen, Ion exchange membranes as solid polymer electrolytes (spe) in electro-organic synthesis without supporting electrolytes, Electrochim. Acta, 1996, 41, 553. 

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