Exotic

Bock et al [4] have an electrical NEP (noise-equivalent power) of 4 x 10 W Hz when cooled to 300 mK. For those who desire less exotic cryogenic options, conmiercially available Si-composite bolometers offer an... 

In addition to tire standard model systems described above, more exotic particles have been prepared witli certain unusual properties, of which we will mention a few. For instance, using seeded growtli teclmiques, particles have been developed witli a silica shell which surrounds a core of a different composition, such as particles witli magnetic [12], fluorescent [13] or gold cores [14]. Anotlier example is tliat of spheres of polytetrafluoroetliylene (PTFE), which are optically anisotropic because tire core is crystalline [15]. 

There are hundreds of semiconductor materials, but silicon alone accounts for tire overwhelming majority of tire applications world-wide today. The families of semiconductor materials include tetraliedrally coordinated and mostly covalent solids such as group IV elemental semiconductors and III-V, II-VI and I-VII compounds, and tlieir ternary and quaternary alloys, as well as more exotic materials such as tire adamantine, non-adamantine and organic semiconductors. Only tire key features of some of tliese materials will be mentioned here. For a more complete description, tire reader is referred to specialized publications [6, 7, 8 and 9]. 

There are otlier, more exotic, possibilities. For example, if a defect has an empty level near the CB, an electron may become trapped in it. This localized electron may in turn bind a hole in a loose orbit, fonning a boundexciton. 

However, most impurities and defects are Jalm-Teller unstable at high-symmetry sites or/and react covalently with the host crystal much more strongly than interstitial copper. The latter is obviously the case for substitutional impurities, but also for interstitials such as O (which sits at a relaxed, puckered bond-centred site in Si), H (which bridges a host atom-host atom bond in many semiconductors) or the self-interstitial (which often fonns more exotic stmctures such as the split-(l lO) configuration). Such point defects migrate by breaking and re-fonning bonds with their host, and phonons play an important role in such processes. 

More exotic diffusion processes have been identified, although they may not be fully understood. One example is the substantial enliancement [25] of the diffusivity of interstitial O by H, resulting in the increased fonnation rate of... 

As argued above, it is not Renner who should be blamed for his paper being forgotten for almost 25 years. The reason is that the experimentalists needed this much time to obtain the first spectrum showing the features predicted by him [9,10], The effect that might have looked exotic in the 1930s has become one of... 

Elemental boron and the borates are not considered to be toxic, and they do not require special care in handling. However, some of the more exotic boron hydrogen compounds are definitely toxic and do require care. 

A newer and equally effective way of swapping azides with halides (bromines or iodines) is in the use of phase transfer catalysts [68]. Strike wouldn t expect an underground chemist to purchase the exotic catalyst Aliquat 336 which the investigators in this reference used to get yields approaching 100% but an alternative catalyst of... 

As final examples, the intramolecular cyclopropane formation from cycloolefins with diazo groups (S.D. Burke, 1979), intramolecular cyclobutane formation by photochemical cycloaddition (p. 78, 297f., section 4.9), and intramolecular Diels-Alder reactions (p. 153f, 335ff.) are mentioned. The application of these three cycloaddition reactions has led to an enormous variety of exotic polycycles (E.J. Corey, 1967A). 

Benzoic acid had been known for several hundred years by the time of Mitscher lich s experiment Many trees exude resinous materials called balsams when cuts are made m their bark Some of these balsams are very fragrant which once made them highly prized articles of commerce especially when the trees that produced them could be found only m exotic faraway lands Gum benzoin is a balsam obtained from a tree that grows m Java and Sumatra Benzoin is a word derived from the Erench equivalent benjoin which in turn comes from the Arabic luban jawi meaning incense from Java Benzoic acid is itself odorless but can easily be isolated from gum benzoin... 

Recirculating systems can make aquaculture feasible in locations where conditions would otherwise not be conducive to successful operations. Such systems can also be used to reduce transportation costs by making it possible to grow animals near markets. In areas where there are concerns about pollution or the use of exotic species, closed systems provide an alternative approach to more extensive types of operations. 

Wines may be imported for reasons at either of two extremes because they are relatively inexpensive, or because they are in high demand, and thus command a higher price. Those exported from the United States tend to be the former, and those imported, the latter, based on the data shown in Table 5. There is some market, even in countries that are overproducing wine, for wines with exotic labels. This tendency illustrates another way in which wines differ from other products. Information on and cuisine from foreign countries associated with their wines serve as the vehicles for a form of a cultural exchange, besides the stricdy commercial one. 

Another sol—gel abrasive, produced by seeding with a-ferric oxide or its precursors, has been patented (30). A magnesium-modified version of this abrasive, also called Cubitron, is being produced as a replacement for the earlier type. Yttria [1314-36-91-vnc>A V eA sol—gel abrasives have also been patented (31), as well as rare earth oxide modified materials (32). These abrasives are all produced by 3M Corporation they have performed very well ia various applications such as ia coated abrasives for grinding stainless steel and exotic alloys. 

Pineapple juice has been available commercially since 1932, but the production and sale of other tropical fmit juices has more recently received significant attention in Europe and, especially, in North America (24). Many tropical fmit juices are too pulpy or have harsh or exotic flavors which make 100% juice products unacceptable to most U.S. consumers. They are more acceptable as nectars containing 25—50% juice or as blended fmit drinks where their strong flavors are diluted or modified. 

The aromatic core or framework of many aromatic compounds is relatively resistant to alkylperoxy radicals and inert under the usual autoxidation conditions (2). Consequentiy, even somewhat exotic aromatic acids are resistant to further oxidation this makes it possible to consider alkylaromatic LPO as a selective means of producing fine chemicals (206). Such products may include multifimctional aromatic acids, acids with fused rings, acids with rings linked by carbon—carbon bonds, or through ether, carbonyl, or other linkages (279—287). The products may even be phenoUc if the phenoUc hydroxyl is first esterified (288,289). 

Despite the benefits of lead and lead ahoys, the use of these materials is declining rapidly, owing primarily to environmental health and safety factors. Eor many years, lead ahoys were the materials of choice for many corrosive environments, but are now being replaced by stainless steel, plastics, and exotic metals. The toxic nature of lead requires special precautions and handling not necessary with other materials. These requirements have reduced the usage of lead ahoys. 

The sale of hides is on a weight basis. The value of a hide depends on the type of animal, the seasonal characteristics, the location of the slaughter, the type of cure, and the market conditions. Cost of the hides is about 50% of the sale price of the leather, so an accurate knowledge of the hides and the leathermaking potential of the hides is critical to commercial success. In the case of furs and exotic skin leather production, the value of the pelt is by far the most important factor (7). 

Specialized alloys are used for high temperature appHcations on turbine blades, furnace parts, thermocouples, etc. These coatings can be as simple as iron—silicon—chromium or as exotic as chromium—aluminum—hafnium (36,41,52). 

Exotic materials are less likely to be used in the constmction of hopper cars than in tank cars because of the lower chemical aggressiveness of soHd chemicals compared to that of Hquids and gases. 

In the early 1970s, the first companies to apply low cost, mass production techniques to photovoltaics, a technology that had previously been considered an exotic aerospace technology, emerged. These techniques included the use of electroplated and screen printed metal paste electrical conductors, reflow soldered ribbon interconnects, and by 1977, low cost, automobile windshield-style, laminated module constmction. Such processes benefitted from a substantial existing industrial infrastmcture, and have become virtually ubiquitous in the present PV industry. 

Windows in airplanes, trains, and schools commonly use polycarbonate. Exotic appHcations include military use, for example in high speed aircraft canopies, where tests have shown polycarbonate to withstand impact with fowl at Mach 2. Polycarbonate is also used for security appHcations as laminates with glass or other materials. Polycarbonate offers unsurpassed projectile-stopping capabiHty, as the material softens upon impact with a bullet, absorbing the projectile s energy. 

PPS is well-recognized for its exceptional chemical resistance. There are no known solvents for PPS below 200°C. A comprehensive survey of solvents for PPS has been published (115). Extreme conditions are required to dissolve PPS in both common and exotic solvents. Solution viscosity measurements are made difficult by this high temperature requirement. Inherent viscosity measurements are performed in 1-chloronaphthalene at 206°C at a concentration of 0.4 g of polymer per deciliter of solution. The inherent viscosity of PPS solutions shows a usefiil response to increa sing molecular weight. Table 2 shows a correlation of inherent viscosity measurements with melt flow measurements. 

The methods described above are used widely in the synthesis of dyes with new heterocycHc residues such as tropjlium (25) [76430-96-1] (102), 2,4-diphen5lpyryHum and its heteroanalogues (26) with a high effective length (103,104), or exotic systems (27) with long-wavelength local electron transitions (105) (Fig. 7). 

The reaction is facilitated by elevated temperature necessitating pressure-capable, glass-lined reactors and exotic metallurgy for fittings to withstand the severely corrosive conditions. PAG product having 10—12% Al as AI2O2 can be produced. 

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