Patent Flours

Production of Jerusalem artichoke flour Patent number US4565705 (1986)... 

Somewhat analogous to these rice products is Oatrim, a material based on oat flour. It was developed at the Northern Laboratory of the USDA and is offered commercially by several firms. Oatrim contains 5% proteia, 5% P-glucan, 2% pentosans, and 83% maltodextrias. Unique properties are claimed based on the P-glucan component, and preparation of Oatrim is disclosed ia USDA pubHcations and patents. Briefly, oat flour is broken down by a-amylase, then the water-soluble component is dried and is the product of commerce, aimed at ground meat product usage. 

Pattison Explosives. Chlorate expls to which flour or bran was added to diminish the sensitivity. They were patented in Engl in 1880 (BritP 810)... 

Phoenix Powders. Safety expls patented in 1899 by Sprengstoffe Dr Nahsen Co, Hamburg, Ger. One of the newer formulations contd NG 30, Na nitrate 32, and flour 38%. Its expln temp was 2125° and its Qc was 780cal/g (Ref 1),... 

Picric Nitrogelatine (Nitrogelatine Picrique in Fr). A gelatinous expl compd patented in Ger in 1887, prepd by mixing 10p of NG with 1 p of PA and gelatinizing the resulting soln with a small amt of collodion cotton. Such materials as flour, starch, nitrates, chlorates, perchlorates, etc, could be added to this jelly... 

Sorenson patented an expl suitable for blasting operations which contained AN 100, Mn dioxide 15, petroleum naphtha 6, rosin 15, paraffin 6, potato flour 8, Al 30, and NG 100 pts Ref E. Sorenson, USP 1709498 (1929)... 

Pyronome of DeTret. An inexpensive mining expl patented in Engl in 1859 contg Na nitrate 71.5, sulfur 13.5, and charcoal 15% (Refs 1 2). A subsequent Pyronome of Salle Sandoy was patented in Fr in 1881 and contd K nitrate 69 sulfur, charcoal, metallic Sb K chlorate 15% the balance being rye flour contg a small quantity of K dichromate (Ref 1)... 

One property of the flour that is controlled by the miller is the extraction rate. Wholemeal flour has a 100% extraction rate, with brown, white and patent white having progressively reduced extraction rates. One obvious difference is the colour. Another is that the quality of the protein increase towards the middle of the wheat berry from which patent flour is produced. Thus, patent flour is sometimes used not to produce whiter bread but in products like hlo pastry or West Indian patties where the strength that patent flour gives is important and the colour is irrelevant. 

All of the above flours are white flours of ordinary whiteness. If the extraction rate is reduced still further, whiter flour known as patent flour is obtained. A patent flour can be produced from the grist of baker s grade or higher flours. The resulting flour will not only be whiter it will have a lower protein content. The quality of the protein will be higher. 

Patent flour has two classes of use. It can be used to make whiter bread or where very high protein content is required. The use of patent flour to make bread seems to be dying out. Its use does, however, remain popular in South Wales. There are various examples of products where patent flour is used for its protein quality, e.g. filo pastry and West Indian patties. Both of these products are brown so the colour of the flour is not important. 

Unlike the other tests in this section the grade colour is not a performance test but is a test of the whiteness of flour. The Kent-Jones and Martin colour grade is measured by comparing the reflecting power of a dispersion of flour in water with a standard reference surface. A few patent flours give a negative colour grade, which merely indicates that they are whiter than the reference. 

Berizzi, FI.P., Process for manufacture of flour mixtures for baking, German Federal Republic Patent DE10248160A1, 2004. 

Hawkins Brothers. Patented in 1896 in England, a mixture of the following approximate composition KC103 60 to 64,sugar 30 to 32, wood flour or soot 2 to 4,potassium bichromate 2 to 8% Refs 1) Daniel (1902), 370 2) Giua, Trattato 6, (1959), 391... 

Hellhoff took out several Brit patents for Sprengel expls contg nitric acid either enclosed in glass tubes or absorbed in fossil flour or similar material (Ref 11, p 43)... 

Hope patented in 1884 in England—Black Powder in which part of charcoal is replaced by starch, flour, sugar, or other organic substances. Some bitumen, or other solid hydrocarbons was included in order to obtain more complete combustion Ref Daniel (1902) 377... 

Lewin Explosives. Patented in Fr in 1887, consisting of nitrated residues of cane sugar plants, either alone or mixed with NG, NC, Na nitrate, rye flour, paraffin, tar, etc. They were also known as Sandhoulites ... 

Fulgurites. Accdg to Daniel (Ref 1) Gody (Ref 2), they were Hungarian Dynamites consisting of NG 60—90 absorbed by a mixture of wheat flour Mg carbonate 40-10%. Another Fulgurite was patented in 1900 in France by Serrant. It contained Nitrocompounds of cresol or naphthalene... 

Dickson Powder. A Canadian commercial expl patented in England in 1895 Ba nitrate 40.00, PA 32.00, K chlorate 6.33, wheat flour 6.33,... 

Bedier (Ref 2) patented the use of this compd in an expl consisting of KClOa 736, sugar 480, hard wheat bolted flour 320, chrysophanic acid 2 curcuma (coloring material) 1 part... 

Andre s Explosive, patented in 1895, contained AN 85, K nitrate 3 and wood flour 12% cf Electronite No 2 Ref- Daniel(1902),28... 

Waffen. Patented in the late nineteenth century the following expl blasting gelatin contg 94% NG, 40.00 Na nitrate 22.50 wood flour 36 Ofl-PA 0.25 S 1.0 and soda ash 0.25%... 

Weyel Explosives. Patented in Ger in 1895, were based on a mixt of NG and coal tar (creosote) in order to lower the freezing pt of NG. A typical blasting expl contd NG 27.0, creosote 4.5, collodion cotton 1.0, Na nitrate 53.0, rye flour 9.0 and Na bicarbonate 5.5%... 

Bichel Expl osives. The following expl mixes were patented by Bichel a)Mixts of nitric acid and kieselguhr packed in plastic cartridges(Ref l,p 67) b)Mixts of hydrocarbons(preferably oils) satd with 28-30% of pulverized sulfur, with nitrates, chlorates, NG, nitromannite, etc such as sulfurated turpentine 3 parts and NG lOps or sulfurated tar oil lOps, nitrocumol 5ps and Na nitrate 90-100ps (Ref l,p 68) c)Blasting expl AN 86, TNT 8 flour(or starch) 6%(Ref l,p 68) d)Blasting expl TNT 85, liq oleoresin(such as storax) 4.5, DNT 10 collodion cotton 0.5%(Ref 2)... 

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