Examples from Published Literature

FT-IR analysis has been extensively applied to the analysis of the mineral and organic matrix components of teeth and bones in animal models and human specimens. 

FT-IR analysis to date has aided in understanding bone composition and quality in health [7, 157-161] as well as changes due to either tissue age [7, 157, 158, 161], subject aging [162, 163], disease [3, 30, 37-39, 43, 164-175-180], or in response to therapies due to disease [170, 173, 181-193]. We emphasize that even in cases that the widely clinically used bone strength surrogate of bone mineral density failed to correlate with fracture incidence or bone strength determined by biomechanical tests, FT-IR derived parameters such as mineral maturity/crystallinity and especially collagen cross-links have consistently revealed correlations [30,164,171,175,193]. 

---

Each of these general pathways may in turn have great latitude in terms of the actual chemistries involved in making the polymer hound dye systems. In the following section, these schemes will he examined in closer detail with examples from published literature. This will he followed by brief discussions on some preliminaxy results from our laboratory. 

In this volume procedures are documented for selective oxidations and reductions that represent the advances in these fields since Volume 1 of this series was published (in 2002). This introduction highlights some examples from the literature that demonstrates the needs of industry and identifies how some of these requirements were met and illustrates a number of the challenging problems that are still to be overcome. 

Earlier studies of numerous research groups have considerably helped to establish a basic understanding of the mechanism of various types of micellar catalysis. Several excellent accounts of prior work have been published [4-8]. Pseudophase treatments of reactivity in association colloids provide a chemically satisfying approach with predictive power [9]. The present section of this article focuses on a few examples from recent literature that explore the catalytic effects observed from aqueous micellar or mixed-micellar aggregates. 

In this section we illustrate the problems that may be addressed using PAC spectroscopy by a variety of examples from the literature. We aim to cover the central aspects of application of PAC spectroscopy in bioinorganic chemistry using these selected examples, rather than to provide a description of all papers published in this field. 

The objective of this article is to present the scientific and engineering fundamentals most useful in the development of formulations and processes for the manufacture of freeze-dried pharmaceuticals. Generalizations are illustrated with specific examples from the literature, but no attempt is made to survey all published works. Most of the section on the freeze-drying process applies equally well to small molecules and proteins, whereas most of the section on formulation and stability is specific to proteins. 

Some sections are further divided by particular subjects References are given for each chapter. Although representative information was carefully included, the references were not exhaustive. With the modern capability of literature search, an effort to include in the book all possible reports would be unnecessary. Most of the information in the book came from published literature. This includes original papers and also different books. As an example, the book of H. L. C. Meuzelaar, J. Haverkamp, and F. D. Hileman on pyrolysis-mass spectrometry of biomaterials was a valuable source of information for this subject. A few unpublished personal results were also included. 

In the first tutorial students are introduced to the importance of keeping a proper research style laboratory notebook as proof of scientific discovery [14]. This is stressed by using examples from the literature that detail instances where published articles have been retracted due to poor or nonexistent laboratory notebooks [15,16], and with a sample of an advertisement for an industrial research position that specifies maintaining a laboratory notebook as part of the job description [17]. 

Set up of the data matrix. The raw data were collected from published literature such as those cited by TTfO-CIVO (3), ESO (J), or those listed in the present study. Take essential oil of black pepper (/i) as an example, the original data format is sliown in Table V, tile volatile compounds were then arranged into coded number as those of Anise shown in Table I. So far, a 355 (spices) by 922 (volatile compounds) data matrix has been established. Of the 355 spices, there exists repeated collection of data from the same spice from different geological areas or dififerem publications. For examples, 4 cloves. 5 star anises, 9 anises, 6 corianders, S allspices, 2 black peppers and 27 basils, are included in the present data matrix. 

Whilst some lexicons are drawn from published literature, some researchers have developed emotion lexicons using consumer language. One example of this is a study conducted by Thomson, Crocker et al. (2010). Unlike previous emotion research, the authors also delved into more than just emotions. They believe that when consumers see a product, they do not just attach emotions to product... 

METHOD 4 This is a P2P recipe that Strike has no hand in. Strike never even knew about it until Strike saw everybody talking about it on the net. But it seems to be extremely popular. Shulgin has written about it. Uncle Fester, Strike understands, has written about it. And there seems to be a lot of posts regarding its high success rates. Most people get started from the method description in the patent literature where they were first published. The following are some representative examples from the U.S. Patent 4,638,094 Process for Producing Phenylacetones ... 

Relationship between Volume 9 and Previous Volumes. Compendium of Organic Synthetic Methods, Voiume 9 presents about 1200 examples of published reactions for the preparation of monofunctional compounds, updating the 10650 in Volumes 1-8. Volume 9 contains about 800 examples of reactions which prepare of difunctional compounds with various functional groups. Reviews have long been a feature of this series and Volume 9 adds almost 90 pertinent reviews in the various sections. Volume 9 contains approximately 1000 fewer entries than Volume 8 for an identical three-year period, primarily for difunctional compunds. Interestingly, there are about 500 fewer citations from the most cited journal (Tetrahedron Letters) than in the previous edition. Whether this represents a trend in the literature or an inadvertent selectivity on my part is unknown, but there has been a clear increase in biochemicai and total synthesis papers which may account for this. 

As in the case in the analysis of food samples, the introduction of relatively inexpensive MS detectors for GC has had a substantial impact on the determination of methylxanthines by GC. For example, in 1990, Benchekroun published a paper in which a GC-MS method for the quantitation of tri-, di-, and monmethylxanthines and uric acid from hepatocyte incubation media was described.55 The method described allows for the measurement of the concentration of 14 methylxanthines and methyluric acid metabolites of methylxanthines. In other studies, GC-MS has also been used. Two examples from the recent literature are studies by Simek and Lartigue-Mattei, respectively.58 57 In the first case, GC-MS using an ion trap detector was used to provide confirmatory data to support a microbore HPLC technique. TMS derivatives of the compounds of interest were formed and separated on a 25 m DB-% column directly coupled to the ion trap detector. In the second example, allopurinol, oxypurinol, hypoxanthine, and xanthine were assayed simultaneously using GC-MS. 

---