Example—Storage Tank Fire

The mass-burning rate per unit area may be estimated for a gasoline pool fire from the burning rate listed in Table 5-2, assuming motor gasoline, 23 cm/hr (6.3e-05 m/s), and the density of gasoline, 740 kg/m, as  

The heat release rate, Q, of the resulting fire is calculated [Equation (5-17)] as  

Eor large gasoline pool fires, the radiant fraction of heat released can be calculated [Equation (5-21)] as  

To estimate the impact of the pool fire on the nearby personnel, start with the point source model. Assuming a head height target, use a target point at a 

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If the fuel is removed or consumed by the subject combustion process, no more fuel supplies will be available for the combustion process to continue and it will cease. In some cases, a fuel is not literally removed from a fire, but is separated from the oxidization agent. Foam suppression methods are good examples where the a barrier is introduced to remove the fuel from the air (i.e., oxidizer). Storage tanks and pipeline fires can use pump-out methods and inventory isolation, respectively, as methods of fuel removal. 

Solvent contaminated] carryover from upstream equipment example oil from compressor brines, corrosion inhibitors, sand, [corrosion products, see Section 1.3] /oxygen leaks into storage tank/inadequate corrosion control, example low pH causing corrosion/degradation via overheating, ex hot spots in reboiler tubes or fire tubes/ineffective filters/ineffective cleaning before startup/for amine absorbers corrosion products/FeS/chemicals used to treat well. 

III-28. Examples of accidents that may occur in auxiliary systems are pipe breaks in the auxiliary systems, the ignition of filters or absorbers, explosions in storage tanks, spilling of liquid radioactive wastes, and fires in radioactive waste systems. Their consequences may be as severe as those described in the preceding sections. The consequences will depend upon the design features of the systems concerned, for which there are significant differences in different designs of reactor. For this reason, the assumptions to be chosen for the purposes of accident analysis need to be made on a case by case basis. 

An example of risk reduction is bunding between oil storage tanks to help to contain fire or spillage. Foam, sprinklo and otho fire suppression or detection systems do not prevoit fires or explosions, but may reduce tbe extent and amount of damage which occurs fiom such events. 

The lifting of heavy objects can be very hazardous, either because they can be dropped or because they can swing and strike a person or another piece of equipment. For example, one of the worst releases of hydrogen fluoride (HF) in the United States occurred at a refinery in Texas when a fired heater was being lifted. The crane dropped the load, shearing a nozzle on an HF storage tank. 

Are raw process and waste materials stored in a safe and appropriate manner for example, are bulk acids in tanks bunded with secondary containment, are flammable materials in a fire-protected, ventilated store, are powders and pellets in areas fitted with dust extraction segregation of noncompatible materials Provide details of existing storage arrangements, inducing plans and specifications. Identify risk areas. Identify the risk category. 

Following are some examples of passive safety systems to reduce the likelihood of explosions in storage units. The use of baffles in a high-pressure storage vessel can cool the tank wall above the liquid surface via liquid pumped around by vapor bubbles, extending the time for fire fighting. Fire resistant tank insulation is also effective in delaying a BLEVE. 

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