Evidence of the Impact

We stated previously in this chapter that different industries and companies will view supply chains and supply chain change in different ways. 

These changes reflect broad undercurrents and may not even be seen by participants in the industry. The examples here call attention to these undercurrents in a few selected industries. We do this through the eyes of industry observers and commentators. What they say, industry buzz, points to the growing importance of SCM, or the spin. The buzz and the spin anecdotes are pointers toward SCM s future. 

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First evidences of the impact of heavy rainfall on the epidemiology of enteric pathogens were obtained from studies on the presence of various faecal organisms, both pathogens and indicators in water. Increased numbers of pathogens and indicators in different water bodies, including drinking water, had been reported after heavy rains. 

Determining the underlying therapeutic mechanisms of a drug makes pharmacology a powerful tool for understanding biological phenomena. This chapter reviews the preclinical evidence of the impact of some neurotransmitter systems and related drugs on sleep and wakefulness. 

With the change in professional pharmacy practice to the pharmaceutical care model, pharmacists and pharmacy organizations realized the importance of acquiring evidence of the impacts these services have on patient care. The American Society of Consultant Pharmacists Research and Education Fmmdation began a research program, the Fleetwood Project, to demonstrate the impacts of consultant pharmacy services on patient outcomes and health care costs. The Fleetwood Project is an initiative that arose from within the profession to support change in professional practice in contrast to the practice responding to the next external mandate. 

Thank you very much, Dr. Knabe. It is very interesting and this is quite clear evidence of the impact of the chemical events in the atmosphere on the biosphere. I would like to ask Dr. Knabe if he has seen a recent report in Environmental Science and Technology saying that it is not always possible to correlate air pollution in general with forest decay. 

While the acceptable blood lead level set by the US Occupational Safety and Health Agency (OSHA) remained 50 //g/dL in 2007, that for children had been progressively lowered by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to 10 /(g/ dL by 1991. The disparity between acceptable blood lead levels in adults and children can be explained in part by the paucity of studies of lead toxicity in adults, and the increased sensitivity of the developing brain in children to toxins. The efforts of the lead industry to thwart public health regulation in the workplace contributed to the disparity in standards for children and adults. OSHA is reluctant to revise the occupational lead standard because of the risk of litigation. The mounting evidence of the impact of lower and lower lead levels on blood pressure and the kidneys in industry and the general public is reviewed in this chapter. 

Evidence of the impact of sanctions on claimant behaviour is discussed later but it is important to note a significant number of sanctions are subsequently overturned through the above revision and appeal mechanisms. Only 46% of cases referred by PAs to a decision maker between 2000 and 2005 resulted in a sanction, of which a certain percentage are likely to have been overturned through further reconsiderations or appeals (OECD 2006). One factor is that many JSA claimants are able to show subsequent good cause for leaving employment or for non-attendance at their appointments. 

At a different level, there is much evidence of the impact of the nervous system on the immune system in humans.21 Even short-term stress can have an effect. For example, students sitting examinations... 

Most general references in the literature to follower development actually refer to an intrapersonal, developmental change that followers of transformational leaders presumably undergo the leader transforms followers by serving as a coach, a teacher, and a mentor. Dvir et al. (in press) propose a conceptual framework for examining developmental aspects of transformational leadership theory on the basis of the sporadic theoretical discussions and empirical examinations in the literature. Their framework for follower personal development includes the three domains of motivation, morality, and empowerment. Dvir et al. found evidence of the impact of transformational leaders upon their direct followers development in at least one measure of each category. 

Working at local, national and international levels, in order to develop pro-poor policies based on real evidence of the impact of energy availability on poor people. Provision of energy needs to be given a priority comparable to those given to provision of food, clean water, sanitation, shelter and medical services. 

There is evidence of the impact of integrated learning experiences across the curriculum... 

There is documented evidence of the impact of active letuning methods on student learning... 

Studies of the programs in Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, Nicaragua, and a few other countries, based on rigorous, survey-based impact evaluations, have provided clear evidence of the impact of CCT programs, particularly in the following areas ... 

Llovet and Bruix (2003) reviewed 61 randomized trials to assess the evidence of the impact of medical treatments on survival of patients with unresectable HCC. Arterial embolization improved 2-year sur-... 

In terms of supply and demand the trend in the UK seems to be towards industry and venmre focussed skills development, with a particular emphasis upon technology entrepreneurship. The demand side appears driven by the dismptive nature of technology developments in ICT, biotechnology and cleantech that can not be easily absorbed within current industry business paradigms (Royal Academy of Engineering 2012). However regarding the supply side there is a relative lack of evidence of the impact of these contemporary forms of technology entrepreneurship education. 

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