Evaluation and interpretation

A manual entitled Reporting Physisorption Data for Gas/Solid Systems with Special Reference to the Determination of Surface Area and Porosity has been prepared as a provisional publication by Commission 1.6 of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (lUPAC). The purpose of the manual is to draw attention to problems involved in reporting physisorption data and to provide guidance on the evaluation and interpretation of isotherm data. The general conclusions and recommendations are very similar to those contained in Chapter 6. 

A scientific basis for the evaluation and interpretation of data is contained in the accompanying table descriptions. These tables characterize the way in which sample values will vary by chance alone in the context of individual obsei vations, averages, and variances. 

Expedieney of the use of seanned samples eomputer simulation method for analytieal signal evaluation and interpretation has been analyzed. 

Everyday laboratory reactions are emphasized, and the working practice of kinetics takes precedence over the theoretical. The audience remains the first-year graduate student (or advanced undergraduate) as well as research workers from other areas who seek guidance in the concepts and practice of kinetics and in the evaluation and interpretation of kinetic data. 

Understanding the basic concepts in radiation physics, chemistry, and biology is important to the evaluation and interpretation of radiation-induced adverse health effects and to the derivation of radiation protection principles. This appendix presents a brief overview of the areas of radiation physics, chemistry, and biology and is based to a large extent on the reviews of Mcttler and Moseley (1985), Hobbs and McClellan (1986), Eichholz (1982), Hendee (1973), Cember (1996), and Early et al. (1979). 

Here, the term analytical signal is used for all the signals which are produced by analytical methods and used (treated, evaluated and interpreted) in any form in analytical chemistry. Analytical signals can result from test samples, reference samples, or data banks (reference spectra and other recordings). 

Analytical investigations are always carried out to serve a definite purpose. In this respect analytical results have to be evaluated and interpreted. In modern fields of applications like environmental monitoring, foodstuff control, medical laboratory diagnostics etc., conclusions have to be drawn about the presence of given species and their amount as well as the exceeding of limit values or falling significantly below them. 

Cluster analysis is important in all situations where homogeneity of data on the one hand and latent structures on the other hand play a significant role in evaluation and interpretation of analytical results. This applies in particular for single objects with extreme properties like outliers, hot spots etc that can easily be recognized being singletons among clusters. 

Danzer K, Wank U, Wienke D (1991) An expert system for the evaluation and interpretation of interlaboratory comparisons. Chemom Intell Lab Syst 12 69... 

The chief significance of reaction rate functions is that they provide a satisfactory framework for the interpretation and evaluation of experimental kinetic data. This section indicates how a chemical engineer can interpret laboratory scale kinetic data in terms of such functions. Emphasis is placed on the problems involved in the evaluation and interpretation of kinetic data. 

Livingston, R., Evaluation and Interpretation of Rate Data, in Investigation of Rates and Mechanisms of Reactions, Volume VIII, Part I of Technique of Organic Chemistry, edited by S. L. Freiss, E. S. Lewis, and A. Weissberger, Interscience, New York, 1961. 

From an isotherm test it can be determined whether a particular organic material can be removed effectively. It will also show the approximate capacity of the carbon for the application and provide a rough estimate of the carbon dosage required. Isotherm tests also afford a convenient means of studying the effects of pH and temperature on adsorption. Isotherms put a large amount of data into concise form for ready evaluation and interpretation. Isotherms obtained under identical conditions using the same contaminated groundwater for two or more carbons can be quickly and conveniently compared to determine the relative merits of the carbons. 

Mandel, J. Accuracy andPrecision Evaluation and Interpretation of Analytical Results , InTreatise on Analytical Chemistry, ed. by I.M Kolthoff and PJ. Elving, 2nd edn., Vol. 1. New York, Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1978. 

Key operating parameters that may change (or be optimized) throughout a product s development and approval cycle are dissolution sampling time points and dissolution limits or specifications by which the dissolution results should be evaluated. The results generated from the dissolution test need to be evaluated and interpreted based on the intended purpose of the test. If the test is used for batch-to-batch control, the results should be evaluated in regard to the established limits or specification value. If the test is being utilized as a characterization test (i.e., biopharmaceutical evaluations, formulation development studies, etc.) the results are usually evaluated by profile comparisons. 

The first part of the book contains basic solution theory and thermodynamics (Chapter 2) a survey of the effects on the distribution ratio of changes in parameter values, such as concentration of metals, complex formers and other reactants, pH, temperature, etc., (Chapter 3) measurement techniques, data collection, evaluation, and interpretation (Chapter 4) and kinetics (Chapter 5). The ionic strength is an essential factor in all aqueous systems, and how to cope... 

Though evaluation and interpretation of the relaxation curves do not directly relate to the instrument, there is an instrumentation-related feature which affects evaluation and needs to be discussed. 

Grunsky, E.C. 2007. Geochemical data evaluation and interpretation. In Coker, W.B. (ed) Exploration Geochemistry - Basic Principles and Concepts, Workshop 2, Exploration 07, Toronto, 13-17. 

Toxicokinetic studies (Section 4.3.3), especially a repeated dose toxicokinetic study, can give some indications of general toxicity based on the observations for clinical signs of toxicity. They may also be helpful in the evaluation and interpretation of repeated dose toxicity data, e.g., in relation to accumulation of a substance or its metabolites in certain tissues or organs as well as in relation to mechanistic aspects of repeated dose toxicity and species differences. 

Process owners must be capable to evaluate and interpret the effect of nonconformances and planned deviations on their systems. Process owners can evaluate the need and lead efforts for corrective or preventive action, ensuring adequate corrections and improvements are implemented. An effective QMS ensures deviations from approved processes are owned and adequately investigated by the process owner s and ultimately approved by their quality assurance counterpart. The knowledge of these events is the basis and foundation for the process owners to make a risk-based evaluation on whether or not process changes are required, documentation or training require modification, or continuous improvement efforts are warranted. 

Interpretation and Improvement of Process Capability Evaluation and interpretation of process capability represent an important step in process quality... 

ILSI (1999) An evaluation and interpretation of reproductive endpoints for human health risk assessment. Washington, DC, International Life Sciences Institute Press. 

The evaluation of existing data is an exercise that can take many forms. At present there is no generally accepted approach for the interpretation of the results of individual screens and tests. Moreover, there is no generally accepted WOE approach for the evaluation and interpretation of a series of screens or testing with the goal of classification of a chemical with regard to endocrine disruption potential. 

The evaluation and interpretation of NMR parameters to establish molecular structures is usually a tedious task. An alternative way to elucidate a molecular structure is to directly compare its measured NMR spectrum - serving here as a fingerprint of the investigated molecule - with the corresponding spectra of known compounds. An expert system combining a comprehensive data base of NMR spectra with associated structures, NMR spectra prediction and structure generators not only facilitates this part of the NMR analysis but makes structure elucidation more reliable and efficient. 

Chapter D gives details on the common evaluation and interpretation of scattering experiments. Many experimental results are discussed in comparison with the behavior predicted by theory. This will show how much of this behavior can already be described by the cascade branching theory in spite of its obvious limitations. Furthermore, the great advantage of a combined measurement of both the static and dynamic LS is shown. 

Understanding the basic concepts in radiation physics, chemistry, and biology is important to the evaluation and interpretation of radiation-induced adverse health effects and to the derivation of... 

If secondary sampling is required to provide a more detailed assessment of the problem under investigation, the analytical results from this second sampling step may be finally evaluated and interpreted together with the results from primary sampling ... 

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