Eustatic

Fairbanks, R. G. (1989). A 17,000-year glacio-eustatic sea level record influence of glacial melting rates on younger dryas event and deep-ocean circulation. Nature 342, 637-642. 

Ku T-L, Kimmel MA, Easton WH, O Neil TJ (1974) Eustatic sea level 120,000 years ago on Oahn Hawaii. Science 183 959-962... 

Harmon RS, Mitterer RM, Kriausakul N, Land LS, Schwarcz HP, Garrett P, Larson GJ, Vacher HL, Rowe M (1983) U-Series and amino-acid racemization geochronology of Bermuda Implications for eustatic sea-level fluctrration over the past 250,000 years. Palaeogeog Palaeoclim Palaeoecol 44 41-70 Harmon RS, Schwarcz HP (1981) Changes of H and 0 errrichment of meteoric water and Pleistocene glaciation. Natrrre 290 125-128... 

Hernandez R, Jordan T, Dalenz Farjat A, Echavarrfa L, Idleman B, Reynolds J (2005) Age, distribution, tectonics and eustatic controls of the Paranense and Caribbean marine transgressions in southern Bolivia and Argentina. J South Am Earth Sci 19 495-512 Hillel D (1982) Introduction to Soil Physics. Academic Press, New York Hoorn C (2006) The birth of the mighty Amazon. Scientific American 294 52-59... 

Harmon R.S., Mitterer R.M., Kriausakul N Land L.S., Schwarcz H.P., Garrett P and Larson G.J., Vacher H.L. and Rowe M. (1983) U-series and amino-acid racemization geochronology of Bermuda Implications for eustatic sealevel fluctuation over the past 250,000 years. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol. 44, 41-70. 

Heckel P.H. (1983) Diageneitic model for carbonate rocks in mid-continent Pennsylvanian eustatic cyclothems. J. Sediment. Petrol. 53, 733-760. 

Pinter N. and Gardner T.W. (1989) Construction of a polynomial model of glacio-eustatic fluctuation Estimating paleo-sealevels continuously through time. Geology 17, 295-298. 

Sleep N.H. (1976) Platform subsidence mechanisms and eustatic sea-level change. Tectonophysics 36, 45-56. 

Clauzon, G. (1973) The eustatic hypotheses and the pre-Pliocene cutting of the Rhone valley. Init. Rep. DSDP 13, 1251-1256. 

Fairbridge, R.W. (1961) Eustatic changes of sea level. Phys. Chem. Earth 4, 99-185. 

The RSLR consists of two components the eustatic rise caused by an increase in the water volume of the sea (due to changes in the ratio between the input and output components of the water balance of the sea) and the land subsidence. In many river mouths, the effect of the second factor prevails. 

The eustatic rise in the levels of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov is the consequence of the ocean level rise and the positive water balance of these seas. 

The current rate of the eustatic rise in the world ocean level is estimated at 1-2 mm year-1 (about 1.5 mm year-1 on average). According to [23], in the... 

The mechanism of the transfer of the eustatic component of the world ocean level rise into the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov is an intricate and poorly understood process. It is clear that in these seas the eustatic rise differs from that in the ocean as a whole. The main cause is relative isolation of these seas from the ocean. Thus, the volumetric changes in the sea water levels are likely to be more susceptible to changes in the ratio between the components of the water balance of the sea (river runoff, precipitation, and evaporation) than to the eustatic rise in the ocean level. 

In 1923-1985, the Black Sea was characterized by an increase in its water volume, the rate of which attained + 1.5 km3 year 1 [3]. If one converts this value into the sea level change for the same period (with the sea area being 423 x 103 km2), then the rate of the eustatic sea level rise will be 3.5 mm year x. By different assessments, the eustatic (volumetric) increase in the Black Sea level comprises 2.0-4.0 mm year-1 [3,8,24]. 

The above data evidence that in the 20th century the eustatic rise in the Black Sea level markedly exceeded the eustatic rise of the level in the Atlantic Ocean (1.7 mm year-1 [23]) and in the Mediterranean Sea (1.1-1.3 mm year 1 [3]). In most publications, the rise in the Black Sea level is explained by some specific features of its water balance in this period an increased river water runoff into the sea (first of all, that of the Danube River), abundant precipitation over the Black Sea s water surface, and decreased evaporation. 

It is impossible to accurately assess the contribution of the subsidence of deltaic deposits to the RSLR, because the amount of subsidence greatly varies (both in space and time) within the same delta. The only way to assess this contribution is to compare the actual level rise (RSLR) with the average rates of the eustatic level rise of the sea. 

The rate of the RSLR in the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov and at their river mouths (Table 3) varies over a wide range [3,8,24-26]. These data show that actual eustatic sea level rise increased with time and by the beginning of the 21st century reached in the Black Sea 4 mm year x. Besides, these data confirm the assumption that the land subsidence plays very important role in the RSLR in river mouth areas and can reach 3-6 and even 12 mm year-1. The most values of the RSLR and subsidence are typical of the coastal parts of the Danube and Rioni deltas (Table 4). 

Puspoki, Z., P. Kovacs-Palffy, M. Kozak, Gy. SzoOr, and J. Deak. 2003a. Eustatic and tectonic control on bentonite formation (Sarmatian, NE Hungary). EUROCLAY 2003, pp. 232-233. University of Modena Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy. 

Puspoki, Z., M. Kozak, P. Kovacs-Palffy, M. Fodvari, R. W. McIntosh, and L. Vincze. 2005. Eustatic and tectonic/volcanic control in sedimentary bentonite formation—A case study of Miocene bentonite deposits from the Pannonian Basin. Clays Clay Miner. 53 71-91. 

Although sea level is closely related to continental ice volume, it is also a function of other variables, most notably isostatic effects (see Clark et al. (1978) and review of Peltier (1998) and references therein). Sea-level change can be divided into a eustatic component, which depends... 

---