European Prospective Investigation study

European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) Large study (over 500,000 participants) designed to investigate relationship between diet, nutritional status, lifestyle, and environmental factors and incidence of cancer and other chronic diseases. Blood samples are banked for future analyses (IARC 2005). 

The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) is the largest study of diet and health in the EU, with over 520,000 participants in 10 European countries. The study, initiated in 1992, collects detailed information and diet and lifestyle factors in addition to blood samples, which are stored for future analyses. The study participants will be followed for the next 10 years to investigate the role of nutrition in the development of chronic disease (IARC 2005). 

Boekholdt SM, Kuivenhoven JA, Wareham NJ, Peters RJ, Jukema JW, Luben R, Bingham SA, Day NE, Kastelein JJ, Khaw KT. Plasma levels of cholesteryl ester transfer protein and the risk of future coronary artery disease in apparently healfliy men and women the prospective EPIC (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and nutrition)-Norfolk population study. Circulation 2004 110 1418-1423. 

Bingham SA, Day NE, Luben R, et al. Dietary fibre in food and protection against colorectal cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) An observational study. Lancet 2003 361 1496-1501. 

Khaw, K.T., Bingham, S., Welch, A., Luben, R., Wareham, N., Oakes, S., and Day, N., European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition relation between plasma ascorbic acid and mortality in men and women in EPIC-Norfolk prospective study a prospective population study. Lancet, 357, 657,2001. 

As the largest study ever undertaken to study the relationships between dietary habits and disease states including cancer, The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition found a reverse correlation between fluid intake and bladder cancer frequency [30]. As expected, higher caloric intake was correlated with higher incidence of bladder cancer in men older than 60 [31]. Similar results were obtained with fruit and vegetable, green tea polyphenol, and vitamin supplement consumption, despite the fact that the results were sometimes unexpected for different cancer cases [32-34]. 

Within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC), a cohort study of 520,000 subjects from 23 centers in 10 countries of western Europe provided a unique opportunity to evaluate how tree nuts, peanuts, and seeds are eaten-whole, in hidden sources and in spreads. 

But even if one were to accept the epidemiologic data at face value and assume that the entire correlation was due to a causal link flowing in only one direction (from alcohol to breast cancer), how strong is that association anyway The largest study to bear on that question is the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). It examined data collected on self-reported alcohol consumption and cancer diagnoses in 274,688 middle-aged and elderly women from ten countries for up to 9.4 years (median 6.4 years). 

Zamora-Ros, R. Fedirko, V. Trichopoulou, A. Gonzalez, C. A. Bamia, C. Trepo, E. Noethlings, U. et al., Dietary flavonoid, lignan and antioxidant capacity and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition study. International Journal of Cancer... 

The three types of cancer most extensively explored in relation to lignan exposure are breast, colorectal and prostate cancer, to which lignans are linked with cancer prevention. Research concerning other cancers, however, is sparse. The handful of human studies on endometrial cancer and lignans tends toward a null association, and a nested case-control study conducted within the European Prospective Investigation... 

Forouhi, N. G., Ye, Z., Rickard, A. R, et al. 2012. Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and the risk of type 2 diabetes Results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC)-NorfoIk cohort and updated meta-analysis of prospective studies. Diabetologia, 55(8) 2173-82. 

Research has shown a correlation between saturated fat intake and cancer risk. A reeent prospeetive eohort study performed by the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer projeet fonnd no association between breast cancer and satnrated fat intake measnred by a food-frequency questionnaire, but when nsing a food diary, a daily intake of 35 g of saturated fat doubles the risk of breast cancer in comparison to women who had a daily intake of 10 g or less. A greater intake of satnrated fat may increase the risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma and distal stomach cancCT. In addition, a meta-analysis of the association between dietary fat intake and breast cancer found significant summary relative risks for saturated fat. ... 

Study was a prospective randomized trial. The other nine European studies were retrospective investigations with concurrent cohorts design or allocation hy time, area, or a random allocation. The 11 studies are presented chronologically according to puhhcation year and then year of abstract (Table 10.1). 

There are no reported sequelae in ODTS. However, long-term follow-ups are needed. Extensive investigations have revealed no effects in respiratory function, gas exchange or exercise capacity in farmers who have experienced ODTS, in some cases repeated attacks (Malmberg et al. 1985) neither does grain fever lead to fibrosis or permanent disability (Manfreda and Warren 1984). However, in Finland, farmers wives who had experienced ODTS had more chronic bronchitis than others (Husman et al. 1990). Also, in a questionnaire study of 7496 farmers from four European countries, ODTS was a major predictor of chronic bronchitis (Radon et al. 2003). Prospective studies on the association between ODTS and COPD and other chronic respiratory symptoms are needed. 

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