European Prospective Investigation

VERKASALO P K, APPLEBY P N, ALLEN N E, DAVEY G, ADLERCREUTZ H AND KEY T J (2001) Soya intake and plasma concentrations of daidzein and genistein validity of dietary assessment among eighty British women (Oxford arm of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition). 7 86 (3) 415-21. 

Al-Delaimy, W.K. et al., Plasma levels of six carotenoids in nine European countries report from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC), Public Health Nutr., 1, 713, 2004. 

Zamora-Ros R, Andres-Lacueva C, Lamuela-Raventos RM, Berenguer T, Jakszyn P, Martinez C, Sanchez MJ, Navarro C, Chirlaque MD, Tormo MJ, Quiros JR, Amiano P, Dorronsoro M, Larranaga N, Barricarte A, Ardanaz E and Gonzalez CA. 2007. Concentrations of resveratrol and derivatives in foods and estimation of dietary intake in a Spanish population European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Spain cohort. Br J Nutr 100(1) 188-196. 

Norat, T., Bingham, S., Ferrari, P., Slimani, N., Jenab, M., Mazuir, M., Overvad, K., Olsen, A., Tj0nneland, A., Clavel, F., Boutron-Ruault, M., Kesse, E., et al. (2005). Meat, fish, and colorectal cancer risk The European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition.. Nat. Cancer Inst. 97, 906-916. 

Bingham, S.A. et ah, Nutritional methods in the European prospective investigation of cancer in Norfolk, Public Health Nutr., 4, 847, 2001. 

Grace PB, Taylor JI, Low YL, Luben RN, Mulligan AA, Botting NP, Dowsett M, Welch AA, Khaw KT, Wareham NJ, Day NE, Bingham SA. 2004. Phytoestrogen concentrations in serum and spot urine as biomarkers for dietary phytoestrogen intake and their relation to breast cancer risk in European prospective investigation of cancer and nutrition-Norfolk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 13 698-708. 

European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) Large study (over 500,000 participants) designed to investigate relationship between diet, nutritional status, lifestyle, and environmental factors and incidence of cancer and other chronic diseases. Blood samples are banked for future analyses (IARC 2005). 

The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) is the largest study of diet and health in the EU, with over 520,000 participants in 10 European countries. The study, initiated in 1992, collects detailed information and diet and lifestyle factors in addition to blood samples, which are stored for future analyses. The study participants will be followed for the next 10 years to investigate the role of nutrition in the development of chronic disease (IARC 2005). 

I ARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 2005. European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France [online]. Available http //www.iarc.fr/epic/Sup-default. html [accessed Sept. 26, 2005]. 

EPIC European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. 

Boekholdt SM, Kuivenhoven JA, Wareham NJ, Peters RJ, Jukema JW, Luben R, Bingham SA, Day NE, Kastelein JJ, Khaw KT. Plasma levels of cholesteryl ester transfer protein and the risk of future coronary artery disease in apparently healfliy men and women the prospective EPIC (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and nutrition)-Norfolk population study. Circulation 2004 110 1418-1423. 

Khaw KT, Wareham N, Luben R, Bingham S, Oakes S, Welch A, et al. Glycated haemoglobin, diabetes, and mortality in men in Norfolk cohort of European prospective investigation of cancer and nutrition (EPIC-Norfolk). BMJ 2001 322 15-8. 

Bingham, S. and Riboli, E. (2004) Diet and cancer—the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition. Nat. Rev. Cancer 4, 206-215. 

Khaw, K.T., Bingham, S., Welch, A., Luben, R., Wareham, N., Oakes, S., and Day, N., European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition relation between plasma ascorbic acid and mortality in men and women in EPIC-Norfolk prospective study a prospective population study. Lancet, 357, 657,2001. 

As the largest study ever undertaken to study the relationships between dietary habits and disease states including cancer, The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition found a reverse correlation between fluid intake and bladder cancer frequency [30]. As expected, higher caloric intake was correlated with higher incidence of bladder cancer in men older than 60 [31]. Similar results were obtained with fruit and vegetable, green tea polyphenol, and vitamin supplement consumption, despite the fact that the results were sometimes unexpected for different cancer cases [32-34]. 

But even if one were to accept the epidemiologic data at face value and assume that the entire correlation was due to a causal link flowing in only one direction (from alcohol to breast cancer), how strong is that association anyway The largest study to bear on that question is the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). It examined data collected on self-reported alcohol consumption and cancer diagnoses in 274,688 middle-aged and elderly women from ten countries for up to 9.4 years (median 6.4 years). 

Zamora-Ros, R. Fedirko, V. Trichopoulou, A. Gonzalez, C. A. Bamia, C. Trepo, E. Noethlings, U. et al., Dietary flavonoid, lignan and antioxidant capacity and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition study. International Journal of Cancer... 

Guallar-CastiUdn, P, F. Rodrfguez-Artalejo, N.S. Fomes, J.R. Banegas, P.A. Etxezarreta, E. Ardanaz, A. Barricarte et al. 2007. Intake of fried foods is associated with obesity in the cohort of Spanish adnlts from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 86 198-205. 

The three types of cancer most extensively explored in relation to lignan exposure are breast, colorectal and prostate cancer, to which lignans are linked with cancer prevention. Research concerning other cancers, however, is sparse. The handful of human studies on endometrial cancer and lignans tends toward a null association, and a nested case-control study conducted within the European Prospective Investigation... 

Ward HA, Kuhnle GGC, Mulligan AA, Lentjes MAH, Luben RN, Khaw K. Breast, colorectal, and prostate cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition—Norfolk in relation to phjdoestrogen intake derived from an improved database. Am Clin Nutr. 2010 91 440-448. 

Dierkes, J., Weikert, C., Klipstein-Grobusch, K., Westphal, S., Luley, C., MOhlig, M., Spranger, J., and Boeing, H., 2007. Plasma pyridoxal-5-phos-phate and future risk of myocardial infarction in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Potsdam cohort. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 86 214-220. 

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