European ecosystems

The following issues are here discussed in depth ecosystem-dependent depositions, speciation of mercury depositions, mercury concentrations in precipitation. One of the 

In Spain the situation is opposite. Dry deposition to forests is higher than that to arable lands as much as 4.5 times. Moreover, unlike Norway, at this station dry deposition to forests is significantly higher than wet deposition. The total deposition fluxes to arable lands and to forests also differ almost twofold. Similar effects are also observed for cadmium and mercury. 

Similar information is also available for lead and mercury, and not only for forests and arable lands, but also for other land-cover categories. This information is presented on the Internet [www.msceast.org]. 

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EEA- European Environmental Agency (2000) Nutrients in European ecosystems. Environmental Assessment report No 4. Available at http //www.eea.europa.eu/publications/ ENVIASSRP04 (June 2009)... 

Bashkin, V. N., Tankanag, A. V. (2001). Assessment of East European ecosystems to acid deposition loading, Problems of Regional Ecology, 4, 15-29. 

In the present chapter, the role of the atmosphere in the distribution of POP in the European environments will be considered (Sect. 3). Data on atmospheric concentration and deposition collected between 2000 and 2009 shows that these compounds are still impacting the European ecosystems. Complementary data from sediment cores allows reconstruction of the historical input of these compounds into the European environments (Sect. 4). Both types of data sets are... 

Vladimir N. Bashkin and Heinz-Detlef Gregor (Eds.) 1999. Critical Loads Calculation for Air Pollutants on East European Ecosystems. POLTEX, Moscow— UBA Publishing House, Berlin, 132 pp. 

Sensitivity of European ecosystems to acid deposition The calculation and mapping of CDs of acidity, sulfur and nitrogen form a basis for assessing the effects of changes in emission and deposition of S and N compounds. So far, these assessments have focused on the relationships between emission reductions of sulfur and nitrogen and the effects of the resulting deposition levels on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. 

Pysek P, Jarosik V, Kropac Z, Chytry M, Wild J and Tichy L (2005). Effects of abiotic factors on species richness and cover in Central European weed communities . Agriculture, Ecosystems Environment, 109, 1-8. 

Consequently, Europe has historically been a hotspot of environmental pressures because of the contamination caused by agricultural, municipal, and industrial activities and high population densities [5, 6], Such contamination has led to poor water quality in many European river basins [7-12], In addition, this pollution can cause the accumulation in river sediments of toxic compounds such as pesticides [13], surfactants [14], and alkyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) [15], These can in turn act as a source to biota [16] and as a potential risk for entire ecosystems [17] if the compounds bioaccumulate, and thereby enter the food chain [18],... 

Until recently, most studies performed within the Ebro River have been site-specific or focused on a single chemical family [20-24]. However, little is known about the concentration and patterns of a wide spectrum of priority contaminants in the whole Ebro aquatic ecosystem. The inclusion of the Ebro river basin into the European Union (EU) project AquaTerra (contract no. 505428) led to a more complete study concerning the entire river basin, various environmental matrices (sediments and two fish species) and five different chemical families... 

Keywords Ecosystem services, European river basins, Risk assessment, Risk management, River basin management plans, Water framework directive... 

Kristensen HL, Gundersen P, Callesen I, Reinds GJ (2004) Throughfall nitrogen deposition has different impacts on soil solution nitrate concentration in European coniferous and deciduous forests. Ecosystems 7 180-192... 

Soil chemistry and ecosystem health. SSSA Special Publication Number 52. Madison, WI Commission of the European Communities (2006) Impact assessment of the thematic strategy on soil protection. Brussels... 

Figure 5. Location of case study ecosystems used in test of critical loads calculation in the European part of Russia.

Critical Loads of Heavy Metals Depending on ERA Endpoints The ecosystem characteristics of case study plots in various natural forests of the European part of Russia are shown in Table 4. Critical loads in an occasion of human health and ecotoxicological effects on biota (endpoints) have been accounted. Corresponding critical limits of HM concentration in soil drainage waters are presented in Table 1. 

The plant species biomass of Boreal and Sub-Boreal Forest ecosystems accumulates a significant part of living matter of the whole planet. This value is about 700 x 106 tons of dry weight. The biomass per unit area of different Forest ecosystems varies from 100 to 300 ton/ha and even 400 ton/ha in the Eastern European Oak Forest ecosystems. The annual net primary productivity, NPP, varies from 4.5 to 9.0 ton/ha (Table 1). 

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