Beech, European

Militz (1993) treated European beech with DMDHEU and evaluated the effectiveness of a variety of commercial catalysts. It was found that temperatures of 100 °C were necessary for effective curing of the resin. The ASE was calculated from the dimensions at 100 % RH in comparison to the sample dimensions at 30 % RH, rather than in a water-soak test, so that any possible effect of leaching was not determined. The highest ASE measured in this way was 75 %. The EMC of the treated samples was also determined and found to be higher than unmodified samples in all cases. 

Fig. 4.1.6. O—H and C—H stretching bands of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) MWL. A 4cm 1 resolution B spectrum after mathematical resolution enhancement using deconvolution technique. (Experimental conditions described in legend to Fig. 4.1.11)...

Fig. 4.1.18. Infrared spectrum of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and bamboo (Bambusa sp.) MWLs in the near infrared range. (Instrument Nicolet 7000 Resolution 8cm l, 128 scans courtesy of J. Mink, Budapest)...

Zeller, B., Colin-Belgrand, M., Dambrine, E. Martin, F. (2001). Fate of nitrogen released from N-labeled litter in European beech forests. Tree Physiology, 21, 153-62. 

Buck (1970) concluded from the Biersdorf experiment that Norway spruce, Scotch pine, English oak, and European beech show growth depression at a mean concentration of 0,08 mg SO2 m if 2,5% of the measured values exceeds 0,98 mg SO2 m whereas no effect was found at a mean of 0,07 mg SO2 m" and a 2,5 percentile of 0,59 mg SO2 m The importance of the ratio of mean to peak concentrations in risk studies has been discussed by Buck (1970) and Knabe (1971). 

Ulrich and co-workers determined the precipitation (r) and element input (e) above a meadow (Fir and Fie) and below a tree stand (F2T and F2e) of both Norway spruce and European beech, as well as the element output by drainage and percolation below the root horizon (Far and Fse) in the Soiling mountains, Germany (Fig. 5a). With the exception of heavy fog days. Fir is always greater than F r because some water does not reach the ground. The difference in rainfall (Fir — F2r) has been called interception which is the sum of evaporation and transpiration. 

Deciduous trees which have been regarded as more resistant to air pollution for almost a century show now also symptoms of decline. This was first observed on European beech in Southern Germany after 1980, later also an English oak in Northrhine-Westphalia which had proved as fairly resistant both to SO2 and HF, A change in pollution patterns may be the reason, eventually the combination with photochemical oxidants or with ammonia. 

The phenomena which have been observed on extraction of wood with aqueous sodium hydroxide - also occur, albeit to a smaller extent, with holocelluloses the restriction to dissolution is, in this case, mostly due to the fiber structure itself. In a study of the extraction of a chlorine holocellulose from European beech with sodium hydroxide solutions of various concentrations, Corbett and Ewart found that 87% of the (4-0-methyl-glucurono) xylan could be removed under mild conditions, and another 10% by extraction with hot alkali, but that 1.3% remained associated with the cellulose. The same authors have also described an apparatus suitable for the alkaline extraction of wood or holocellulose in an atmosphere of nitrogen. 

Fagus sylvatica European beech Direct extraction with alkali, then chlorine dioxide treatment 7 150... 

Work in Pretoria had shown that hardwoods like African kiaat and phenol-formaldehyde resin-impregnated European beech, glued with phenol-formaldehyde-resorcinol glues, could be expected to give reasonable service, and that weight and prices were reasonable. 

Wang, Z., Gottlein, A., Bartonek, G., 2001a. Effects of growth roots of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) on rhizosphere soil solution chemistry. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 164, 35 1. 

European beech leaves Ann Arbor. Michigan 17 -30.2 Meyeis Lallier-Verges (1999)... 

European beech Fagus sylvatica) occurs almost in the whole Europe. Its wood is hard, comp>act, with no heartwood, which causes the beech to be the most commonly used in the art and practice of utility (high calorific value). Therefore, the trees selected for desirable... 

Hendry, S.J. Boddy, L. Lonsdale, D. (1993). Interactions between callus cultures of European beech, indigenous ascomycetes and derived fungal extracts. Hew Phytohgist, Vol. 123, pp. 421-428. 

Clotofiski s paper on the European beech (Fagus sylvatica) in 1942 (12) appears to be the earliest report of sterols in bark, but the compounds were not identified. One of the compounds the bark yielded (12) had an empirical formula of C29H43O. This is the formula for sitosterol and other more recent evidence for... 

Comps, B. et al.. Diverging trends between heterozygosity and aUeUc richness during postglacial colonization in the European beech. Genetics, 157, 389, 2001. 

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