Europe environmental legislation

Although these are all used across Europe, the hierarchy of these has altered slightly due to the influences of environmental legislation. For example, Chloro-isothiazolone has been identified as a skin sensitiser and hence therefore lost its number one position as a controlling agent. New actives such as the Octyl - isothiazolone have recently been introduced as a more stable molecule where it is hoped that lower levels can be used reducing environmental and human safety aspects. 

The effect of environmental legislation on the adhesives and sealants market in Europe is outlined. More efficient water-based and hot melt methods it is said are being developed in response to the tightening of environmental legislation. A report by Frost Sullivan is said to indicate further changes and developments in the core adhesives, sealants and related products market. 

Concern for the environment has resulted in moves to significantly reduce the noxious components in emissions when fuel oils are burned. Attempts are being made to minimize sulfur dioxide emissions and, as a consequence, a strategy to minimize the sulfur content of fuel oils has been implemented. Although typical diesel fuel oils have, in the past, contained 1 % or more of sulfur (expressed as elemental sulfur) by weight, environmental legislation in the United States has required that sulfur content of diesel fuel be less than 0.05% (11). These levels will be reduced to 15 ppm or less to protect new exhaust catalyst after-treatment devices. In Europe, various jurisdictions have moved to lower sulfur content. In Sweden, for example, taxation of higher sulfur, lower cetane fuels is elevated to reflect to their respective environmental cost (93). 

Figure 9.1 Environmental legislation to emerge from Europe since 1970.

Fig. 16.2 (a) Industrial uses of CI2 in Western Europe in 1994 [data Chemistry Industry (1995) p. 832]. (b) The trends in uses of bleaching agents in the pulp industry between 1990 and 2001 CIO2 has replaced CI2. Both elemental chlorine-free and totally chlorine-free agents comply with environmental legislations [data Alliance for Environmental Technology, 2001 International Survey]. 

There is a trend in recent environmental legislation to lower sulfur specifications in both gasoline and diesel fuels. You work for a refinery in the Delaware Valley that anticipates a new diesel specification requiring an order of magnitude lower sulfur than currently allowed. In fact, legislation is already in the works in Europe to lower the allowable sulfur to this new level by the year 2005. To achieve these low sulfur levels, you are to design a new catalytic hydrodesulfurization (HDS) system. This type of reactor has been in use in industry for a long time, but never for such severe service. 

The tarnished image of the chemical industry has in part been responsible for increasingly demanding environmental legislation and the development and impact of this legislation are the subjects of chapter 3. Environmental control in the UK, Europe and the USA are critically considered as is the response of the chemical industry and the likely long term effects of legislation on its prosperity. 

The introduction of environmental legislation across Europe since the early 1980 s has resulted in increased research into VOC compliant coatings. This can be achieved through a combination of high solids acrylic polyols, low viscosity/100% solids isocyanate prepolymers and reactive diluents. 

United States production and price statistics ate presented in Table 2. The demand for trichloroethylene in the United States has been shrinking sharply since 1970 because of pressures from environmental and safety legislation. Similar pressures have weakened the demand in Europe and Japan. 

One of the conclusions from the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro (the Earth Summit) was the urgent need to find a more sustainable way of life, based on careful use of resources and a reduction in environmental emissions. There was also a call to move towards a model in which environmental enhancement is fully integrated with economic development. The consequences of this summit have been far-reaching not least by the fact that, in Europe and elsewhere, environmental protection requirements are now integrated into many policies rather than being separate pieces of legislation. Indeed Article 2 of the EC treaty states that the Community shall. .. promote throughout the Community harmonious, balanced and sustainable development of economic activities This may be viewed as the first step towards... 

Jerome O. Nriagu. The Rise and Fall of Leaded Gasoline. The Science of the Total Environment. 92 (1990) 13-28. An authoritative history of leaded gasoline. The source for airplane octane lead industry pays Kehoe s salary one of few environmentally unsafe products forced out of market place one of top 10 chemicals in U.S. Esso slogan compression ratio and valve seat recession Kettering about automobile at crossroads, Europe versus U.S. 90 percent all U.S. gas and 80 percent worldwide autos after 20 years of TEL TEL drove U.S. transport lead removed from Ethyl trade name and Ethyl s control of publications and environment to be monitored by voluntary self-regulation, not legislation. 

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