Ethylene oxide adipate

Simionescu et al. [104] used poly(ethylene oxide adipate) having tosylate groups at both ends as macroinitiators for the cationic polymerization of MeOZO to produce ABA-type block copolymers. Miyamoto et al. [105] further explored the concept and prepared block copolymers consisting of poly(propylene oxide) and poly(MeOZO) by using poly(propylene oxide)-p-nitrobenzene sulfonate as a... 

PSt, polystyrene PTHF, poly(tetrahydrofuran) PABCO, poly(1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]octane) PMeOx, poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) PEtOx, poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) PEOA, poly(ethylene oxide adipate) PPO, poly(propylene oxide) PCEVE, poly(chloroethyl vinyl ether). 

Ethane linkages, 407 Ethene linkages, 407 Ethylene adipates, 212 Ethylene-CO copolymer, 460 Ethylene copolymers, 446 Ethylene glycol (EG), 13, 64. See also EG polyester synthesis depolymerization with, 559 repolymerization of, 561-562 Ethylene oxide (EO) polyols, 211... 

Hydrolysis of polyamide-based formulations with 6 N HC1 followed by TLC allows differentiation between a-aminocaproic acid (ACA) and hexamethylenedi-amine (HMD) (hydrolysis products of PA6 and PA6.6, respectively), even at low levels. The monomer composition (PA6/PA6.6 ratio) can be derived after chromatographic determination of the adipic acid (AA) content. Extraction of the hydrolysate with ether and derivatisa-tion allow the quantitative determination of fatty acids (from lubricants) by means of GC (Figure 3.27). Further HC1/HF treatment of the hydrolysis residue, which is composed of mineral fillers, CB and nonhydrolysable polymers (e.g. impact modifiers) permits determination of total IM and CB contents CB is measured quantitatively by means of TGA [157]. Acid hydrolysis of flame retarded polyamides allows to determine the adipic acid content (indicative of PA6.6) by means of HPLC, HCN content (indicative of melamine cyanurate) and fatty acid (indicative of a stearate) by means of GC [640]. Determination of ethylene oxide-based antistatic agents... 

Oxidation is the first step for producing molecules with a very wide range of functional groups because oxygenated compounds are precursors to many other products. For example, alcohols may be converted to ethers, esters, alkenes, and, via nucleophilic substitution, to halogenated or amine products. Ketones and aldehydes may be used in condensation reactions to form new C-C double bonds, epoxides may be ring opened to form diols and polymers, and, finally, carboxylic acids are routinely converted to esters, amides, acid chlorides and acid anhydrides. Oxidation reactions are some of the largest scale industrial processes in synthetic chemistry, and the production of alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, epoxides and carboxylic acids is performed on a mammoth scale. For example, world production of ethylene oxide is estimated at 58 million tonnes, 2 million tonnes of adipic acid are made, mainly as a precursor in the synthesis of nylons, and 8 million tonnes of terephthalic acid are produced each year, mainly for the production of polyethylene terephthalate) [1]. 

Suitable starting compounds are polyesters from poly(ethylene oxide) and adipic acid, also poly(propylene oxide) or poly(oxytetramethylene) with molecular weights around 2,000, whose hydroxy end groups can be reacted with very... 

Methanol Formaldehyde Ethylene Propylene oxide Phenol 1,4-Butanediol Tetrahydrofuran Ethylene glycol Adipic acid Isocyanates Styrene Methyl methacrylate Methyl formate Two-step, via CH4 steam reforming Three-step, via methanol Cracking of naphtha Co-product with t-butyl alcohol or styrene Co-product with acetone Reppe acetylene chemistry Multi-step Hydration of ethylene oxide Multi-step Phosgene chemistry Co-product with propylene oxide Two-step, via methacrolein Three-step, via methanol... 

Linear polyurethane is used for coating paper. The abovementioned diols and polyethers based on ethylene oxide and propylene oxide with free hydroxyl groups, adipic acid, phthalic acid and the isocyanates indicated in c) may be used as starting materials. 

Polyurethane is also used as a foam, mostly in sheet form as an underlay or middle layer for example in fruit bins. The following starting materials for polyurethane foam can be used polyester with hydroxyl end groups made from adipic acid, diethylene glycol, trimethylol propane as well as polyether based on ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide with free hydroxyl groups in combination with 2,4-toluene diisocyanate and 2,6-toluene diisocyanate. Stabilizers, dispersants and amines (as catalysts in amounts up to 1.2 %) can be used. 

Commodity organic chemicals (Chapter 1) largely produced by heterogeneously catalyzed routes include acrylic acid (Section 2.8), acrylonitrile (Section 2.10), adipic acid (Section 2.2.2), cumene (Section 5.2.3) ethylbenzene (Section 5.2.1) methanol (Section 4.7.1) styrene (Section 3.9) terephthalates (Section 2.3) ethylene oxide (Section 2.4) vinyl acetate (Section 2.15.7), and many others in a word, heterogeneous catalysis is huge. 

Blends of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoic acid)s (PHAs) with various natural and synthetic polymers have been reported as reviewed in Refs. [21,22]. By blending with synthetic polymers it is expected to control the biodegradability, to improve several properties, and to reduce the production cost of bacterially synthesized PHAs. The polymers investigated as the blending partners of PHAs include poly(ethylene oxide) [92, 93], poly(vinyl acetate) [94], poly(vinylidene fluoride) [95], ethylene propylene rubber [94, 96], po-ly(epichlorohydrin) [97, 98], poly(e-caprolactone) [99], aliphatic copolyesters of adipic acid/ethylene glycole/lactic acid [100] and of e-caprolactone/lactide... 

Poly(ethylene oxide) is a linear polymer containing the donor oxygen atoms in the main backbone. Some other similar systems known to function as polymer electrolytes include simple poly ethylene glycol (PEG) [145], end acetylated PEG [146], poly propylene oxide (PPO) [ 147-148], poly(/ -propiolactone) [149], polyethylene succinate) [150-151],poly (ethylene adipate) [152],poly (ethylene imine) [153] and poly (alkylene sulfide) [154], Many of these form metal salt complexes. However, conductivities of the order of 10 s S cm are observed only at high temperatures. Table 5 summarizes this data. 

The van der Waals bonds between monomer molecules are replaced by covalent bonds between the monomeric units in polymerization. Since van der Waals bond lengths are about 0.3-0.5 nm and covalent bond lengths are, in contrast, about 0.14-0.19 nm, a general contraction occurs. The contraction increases with decreasing monomer molecule size, since more van der Waals bonds per unit mass must be eliminated. Thus, ethylene contracts by about 66%, vinyl chloride by about 34%, styrene by about 14%, and W-vinyl carbazole by as little as about 7.5%. Polymerization of ethylene oxide leads to a volume contraction of 23%, of tetrahydrofuran to one of about 10%, but that of octamethyl cyclotetrasiloxane, however, to a contraction of only 2%. Some strained bicyclic ring systems even polymerize with an expansion. With polycondensation, the volume contraction is smaller with decreasing size of eliminated residue. Polycondensation of hexamethylene diamine with adipic acid leads to a contraction of 22% (water elimination), that of hexamethylene diamine and dioctyl phthalate, on the other hand, to one of 66% (elimination of octanol). 

Glycerin ethylene oxide ether, end capped with acetate groups Ester of succinic acid and triethylene glycol monomethyl ether Ester of adipic acid and diethylene glycol monomethyl ether Ester of 1,3,6-hexatricarboxylic acid and butyl diglycol... 

The most important compounds are polyetherols, polyesterols, and graft polyols (Figure 1). Polyetherols are the most common polyols and most commercial products are made chiefly from ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. Polyesterols are widely used in elastomeric polyurethanes. Typical compounds are aliphatic polyesters, such as poly(ethyl-ene adipate), made so that there are only hydroxyl end groups, with no residual acid groups. Graft polyols (also called polymer polyols) consist of a matrix of a conventional polyol, which also contains rubbery (such as styrene/acrylonitrile copolymer) particles chemically bound to polyol molecules. These grafted particles reinforce the final polyurethane, giving improved physical properties. 

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