Ethylene-co-propyler

However, the influence of polar comonomer units on polymer solubihty is in general neither Hnear nor necessarily monotonic. Fig. 2.6a shows the ethylene solubility of poly(ethylene-co-methyl acrylate) copolymers for different amounts of the methyl acrylate monomer in the copolymer from 0 mol% (corresponds to LDPE) to 44 mol%. For small amounts of the methyl acrylate monomer, favorable interactions of the methyl acrylate units of the copolymer with the quadru-pole moment of the ethylene enhance the solubility of the copolymer. Here, the copolymers first show a decreasing cloud point pressure. However, upon further increase of the methyl acrylate contents (above 13 mol%), the importance of the polar intermolecular interactions between the different methyl acrylate units of the copolymer molecules becomes dominant, leading to decreasing solubility. However, for the similar system poly(ethylene-co-propyl acrylate), very different behavior is observed. Here, the solubility of the copolymer increases with in-... 

Ethylene-co-propyl acrylate 112-147 Ethylene 80-260 98-153 5 UCST [34] PC-SAFT... 

Polymer (B) poly(ethylene-co-propyl methacrylate) 2004BEC, 2004LAT ... 

Methyl methacrylate-co-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidin I methacrylate Methyl methacrylate-co-N-phenylmaleimide Methylthiomethyl methacrylate Phenyl acrylate n-Propyl methacrylate Tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate Tetrahydropyranyl-2-methyl methacrylate Vinyl chloride Ethylene-co-vinyl acetate Caprolactan-co-laun>lactam Imide... 

Medium Boiling Esters. Esterificatioa of ethyl and propyl alcohols, ethylene glycol, and glycerol with various acids, eg, chloro- or bromoacetic, or pymvic, by the use of a third component such as bensene, toluene, hexane, cyclohexane, or carbon tetrachloride to remove the water produced is quite common. Bensene has been used as a co-solvent ia the preparatioa of methyl pymvate from pymvic acid (101). The preparatioa of ethyl lactate is described as an example of the general procedure (102). A mixture of 1 mol 80% lactic acid and 2.3 mol 95% ethyl alcohol is added to a volume of benzene equal to half that of the alcohol (ca 43 mL), and the resulting mixture is refluxed for several hours. When distilled, the overhead condensate separates iato layers. The lower layer is extracted to recover the benzene and alcohol, and the water is discarded. The upper layer is returned to the column for reflux. After all the water is removed from the reaction mixture, the excess of alcohol and benzene is removed by distillation, and the ester is fractionated to isolate the pure ester. 

Numerous research activities have focused on the improvement of the protective films and the suppression of solvent cointercalation. Beside ethylene carbonate, significant improvements have been achieved with other film-forming electrolyte components such as C02 [156, 169-177], N20 [170, 177], S02 [155, 169, 177-179], S/ [170, 177, 180, 181], ethyl propyl carbonate [182], ethyl methyl carbonate [183, 184], and other asymmetric alkyl methyl carbonates [185], vinylpropylene carbonate [186], ethylene sulfite [187], S,S-dialkyl dithiocarbonates [188], vinylene carbonate [189], and chloroethylene carbonate [190-194] (which evolves C02 during reduction [195]). In many cases the suppression of solvent co-intercalation is due to the fact that the electrolyte components form effective SEI films already at potential which are positive relative to the potentials of solvent co-intercalation. An excess of DMC or DEC in the electrolyte inhibits PC co-intercalation into graphite, too [183]. 

Reaction of acetic acid solutions of Ru3(CO)i2 with mixtures of CO and R2 under pressure produces substantial amounts of methyl acetate and smaller quantities of ethylene glycol diacetate/ as shown in Table I. Other products observed in these reactions are traces of glycerine triacetate and small amounts of ethyl acetate. (The ethanol is apparently derived largely from acetic acid by catalytic hydrogenation, since reactions in propionic acid solvent yield similar quantities of propyl propionate and only traces of ethyl propionate.)... 

When ammonia or primary amines are used, the product amines may participate in further aminomethylation, resulting in the formation of a mixture of amines. Other byproducts (aldehydes, alcohols, carboxamides) may also be formed. The reaction to produce tertiary amines from secondary amines, however, is fairly selective. Aminomethylation of ethylene with piperidine was reported to form /V-propyl-piperidine with 75% yield when the reaction was carried out in the presence of [Fe(CO)5] and water without an external source of CO (170°C, 14 h).207... 

Nefedov et al. (221) have reported that ethylene can be selectively hydro-carboxylated to form propyl propionate over NaX which had been exchanged with group VIII metal ions. The activity and selectivity decreased along the series Rh Pd > Ni > Co. In autoclave experiments they found that Rh, NaX (1% Rh) at 250°C and 60 atm CO pressure gave 100% conversion of ethylene in the presence of n-propanol and -propyl iodide with a selectivity of 98.7% to propyl propionate, i.e.,... 

In the EBMax process, benzene is fed to the bottom of the liquid-filled multibed reactor. Ethylene is co-fed with the benzene and also between the catalyst beds. Polyethylbenzenes, which are almost exclusively diethylbenzenes, undergo transalkylation with benzene in a second reactor. Mobil-Badger offers both liquid phase and vapor phase transalkylation processes. The vapor phase process removes benzene feed coboilers such as cyclohexane and methylcyclopentane as well as propyl and butylbenzenes. Because the EBMax process produces very low levels of propyl and butylbenzenes, for most applications, the more energy efficient liquid phase process is preferred. Worldwide, there are currently ten licensed EBMax units with a cumulative ethylbenzene production capacity of five million metric tons per year. 

The major commercial fluoropolymers are made by homopolymerization of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE),vinyhdene fluoride (VF2), and vinyl fluoride (VF), or by co-polymerization of these monomers with hexafluoropropylene (HFP), perfluoro(propyl vinyl ether) (PPVE), per-fluoro(methyl vinyl ether) (PMVE), or ethylene. The polymers are formed by free-radical polymerization in water or fluorinated solvents. 

CO, CHi. CO2, ethylene, acetylene, ethane. H2O. propylene, ethanal acetone, propanal, ethanol, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, styrene, p-vinyltoluene, benzaldehyde, p-ethyl-totuene acetophenone, methyl benzoate, vinyl benzoate, ethyl benzoate, p-methyl-acetophenone. benzoic acid, p-methyl vinyl benzoate, p-vinylacetophenone, propyl benzoate, p-ethyl vinyl benzoate, p-vinyl vinyl benzoate, biphenyl. 1-hydroxyethyl benzoate, diacetylbenzene. p-acetyl vinyl benzoate, divinyl terephthalate. ethyl vinyl terephthalate. ethyl vinyl terephthalate, p-acetyibenzoic acid, methyl 1-hydroxyethyl terephthalate. ethylene dibenzoate... 

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