Ethyl alcohol, toxicity

Methanol toxicity Uremia of renal failure Ketoacidoses Diabetes meUitus Ethyl alcohol toxicity Starvation Paraldehyde toxicity Isoniazid or iron toxicity, also ischemia Lactic acidosis Ethylene glycol toxicity... 

Some authorities question whether dmnkeimess can result from the inhalation of ethyl alcohol vapors. Experience has demonstrated that in any event such intoxication is indeed rare (281). There is no concrete evidence that the inhalation of ethyl alcohol vapor will cause cirrhosis. Liver function is definitely impaired during alcohol intoxication (282), making the subject more susceptible to the toxic effects of chlorinated hydrocarbons. 

The most widely known aleohol is ethyl aleohol, simply beeause it is the aleohol in aleoholie drinks. It is also known as grain aleohol, or by its proper name, ethanol. Ethyl aleohol is a eolorless, volatile liquid with a eharaeteristie odor and a pungent taste. It has a flash point of 55°F, is classified as a depressant drug, and is toxic when ingested in large quantities. Its molecular formula is CjHjOH. In addition to its presence in alcoholic beverages, ethyl alcohol has many industrial and medical uses, such as a solvent in many manufacturing processes, as antifreeze, antiseptics, and cosmetics. 

The concentration of a solute has a considerable effect on the viscosity of the fluid and so on the surface convective resistance to heat flow. There is little published data on these effects, so applications need to be checked from basic principles. Industrial alcohol (comprising ethyl alcohol with a statutory addition of methyl alcohol to render it poisonous) may be used as a secondary refrigerant, either at 100% concentration or mixed with water. The fluid has a low viscosity and good heat transfer, but is nowlittle used on account of its toxicity and the fire risk in high concentrations. Other nonfreeze heat transfer fluids are used in specialist trades. 

Kearns, Weinman, and Decker determined the dosages of a number of the chlorinated compounds, dissolved in 95% ethyl alcohol, required to produce a 50% mortality of the housefly (7). The values obtained, expressed as micrograms of toxicant per gram of fly weight, are listed in Table V. 

Based on topical application of some chlorinated compounds dissolved in 95% ethyl alcohol. Values expressed as micrograms of toxicant per gram of fly weight )... 

Extraction of mustard agent from the samples was realized with ethyl alcohol. The remains of the toxic substance in samples were determined with the spectrophotometer SPECOL according to the thymolphtalein reaction [1, 2] with preliminarily made calibration curve. 

As a matter of interest, we obtained a compound, diethyl phosphorofluoridite (IX), of a lower state of oxidation than the corresponding phosphorofluoridate by the action of phosphorus dichlorofluoride on ethyl alcohol. The new compound, unlike the phosphorofluoridate, was readily hydrolysed by water, was relatively non-toxic and did not produce myosis.1... 

The myotic, toxic and other physiological properties of the dialkyl phosphorofluoridates, POF(O.R)2, have been fully described on pp. 42, 68 et seq. In 19444 we described an analogous compound of the phosphorofluoridite series, namely, diethyl phosphorofluoridite, PF(OEt)2. This could not be prepared by the action of sodium fluoride on the corresponding diethyl phosphorochloridite (the preparation of which is considered below). We obtained it, however, by the action of ethyl alcohol on phosphorus dichlorofluoride,... 

In view of the rapid toxic action and myotic effect of the dialkyl phosphorofluoridates and of the high toxicity of some of the phosphorodiamidic fluorides, we prepared2 and examined a hybrid molecule containing the essential features of each type of compound. The first to be examined was ethyl phenyl-phosphoramidofluoridate (VII). One mol. of phosphorus oxy-dichlorofluoride was added to 1 mol. of ethyl alcohol, and the resulting ethyl phosphorofluoridochloridate (which it was not necessary to isolate) was treated with aniline. 

Methanol is also used to "de-nature" ethanol. There s not much difference between synthetic ethyl alcohol and the "real thing" made from rye and other grain. Methanol is added, for political reasons, up to 10%, to the synthetic stuff to keep it from being substituted for the "real" or "natural" ethyl - alcohol. Ethanol "de-natured" in this way is toxic enough to cause headaches, dizziness, vomiting, blindness, and coma, depending on how much is consumed. That s usually a sufficient threat. 

Alcohols. Methyl alcohol, and to a lesser extent ethyl alcohol, were used as freezing point depressants for many years. Their use now is minimal. When properly inhibited, alcohol-water solutions can be satisfactory coolants only under restricted conditions. Alcohol antifreezes fell into disuse because of their low boiling point (lower than that of water) and the danger of loss from boiling or evaporation. Alcohol volatilizes from hot surfaces much more readily than glycol coolant and can be a potential fire hazard. Methyl alcohol liquids are both flammable and poisonous. Methyl alcohol vapors are toxic when inhaled at high concentrations. 

Simko V, Michael S, Katz J, et al. 1992. Protective effect of oral acetylcysteine against the hepatorenal toxicity of carbon tetrachloride potentiated by ethyl alcohol. Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research 16 795-799. 

Ref 16) Qvc 530.5 kcal/mol Qj 50.0 kcal/mol(Ref 12) volatility lower than for NG, namely, at 25° 0.127 x 10 3 g/cm2/24 hrs vs 0.153 x 10 3 for NG. NIBTN is sol in methyl ethyl alcohols, acet, ethet, ethylene dichloride, chlf benz insol in w, CS2 petr eth toxicity much lower than with NG it causes only a slight headache its gelatinizing action on collodion cotton is appreciably less than that of NG, even when hot... 

Denatured (or Industrial) Alcohol (Denatured Spirits). Colorless liquid (which is sometimes artificially colored blue or red to distinguish it from ordinary alcohol) consisting of ethyl alcohol and "denaturants . Its toxicity depends on de-naturants used, of which the principal one is methyl alcohol. This ale produces blindness. 

When the heart can no longer pump an adequate supply of blood to meet the metabolic needs of the tissues or in relation to venous return, cardiac failure may ensue. The causes of cardiac failure are complex, but stem from mechanical abnormalities (e.g., pericardial tamponade), myocardial failure (e.g., cardiomyopathy and inflammation), and arrhythmias. In high-output failure, the cardiac output, which may be normal or even higher than normal, is not sufficient to meet the metabolic requirement of the body. Cardiac failure may predispose a patient to congestive heart failure, which is a state of circulatory congestion. Toxic injury, caused by agents such as doxorubicin, the alkaloid emetine in ipecac syrup, cocaine, or ethyl alcohol, is another way by which the functional integrity of the heart may also be compromised. 

In 1951, disulfiram was the first medication approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of alcohol dependence other than detoxification. Disulfiram inhibits a key enzyme, aldehyde dehydrogenase, involved in breakdown of ethyl alcohol. After drinking, the alcohol-disulfiram reaction produces excess blood levels of acetaldehyde, which is toxic in that it produces facial flushing, tachycardia, hypotension, nausea and vomiting, and physical discomfort. Opioid receptors antagonists, such as naloxone and naltrexone (see Chapter 47) that block opioid receptors have been found to decrease alcohol consumption (Cornish et al 2004). 

ETHYL ALCOHOL C2H5OH also called grain alcohol or ethanol. This is the only type of alcohol that is safe to drink. Other alcohols like methyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol are highly toxic and poisonous. 

The organic liquids in Table 1 include ethanol (ethyl alcohol), which is a common solvent and chemical reagent. During normal exposure in the laboratory such a small amount of ethanol is inhaled or absorbed through the skin that it would correspond to only a miniscule taste of the liquid. However, denaturants in "lab alcohol" can modify its toxicity. Denatured alcohol often contains about 5% of an additive such as benzene or methanol. Of the twenty lab manuals examined, eighteen use ethanol. The other two specified methanol instead. In general, methanol is considerably more toxic than ethanol. 

Toxicity Prolonged exposure to ethyl alcohol vapors causes irritation to the eyes and upper respiratory tract in addition to causing headache, drowsiness, fatigue, and mild to severe tremor.1... 

---