Alkylamines, ethoxylated

Oxygen-Cont iiningAmines. This group includes amine oxides, ethoxylated alkylamines, l-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-imidazolines, and alkoxylates of ethylenediamine. Oxygen-containing amines are steadily increasing in economic importance. 

Schreuder, R. H., Martijn, A., Poppe, H., and Kraak, J. C., Determination of the composition of ethoxylated alkylamines in pesticide formulations by high-performance liquid chromatography using ion pair extraction detection, /. Chromatogr., 368, 339, 1986. 

Non-ionic anti-static agents are the most important group, comprising ethoxylated alkylamines or amides, fatty acid esters, and esters or ethers of polyols. Glycerol monostearate (GMS) and ethyloxylated amines (EA) make up more than 50% of the total classical anti-statics market. They are mainly used in polyolefins and styrenics. There is a further class of non-ionics based on amides that overcomes the corrosiveness of EA, which can harm packaged goods. 

Chemical ionisation has been used together with supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry in the study of ethoxylated species. Ethoxylated alcohols, ethoxylated alkylphenols, ethoxylated alkylamines... 

If several additives are present concomitantly in a polymer, their interaction should be taken into account. Thus, small concentrations of polyethylene glycols or glycerin result in a 2-20 times increase of the diffusion rate of sodium alkylsulphonates. For TPO, a combination of glycerin monostearate with ethoxylated alkylamines has been shown to yield a particularly quick and long-lasting effect in final products with large surfaces such as oriented films. 

The usual concentrations for the most important TPO are 0.10-0.20% for ethoxylated alkylamines and 1.0-2.0% for fatty acid esters. 

Antistatic additives are divided into non-ionic, anionic, cationic, and amphoteric. Non-ionic antistatic additives are the most commonly used. These include fatty acid esters, ethoxylated alkylamines, diethanolamides, and ethoxylated alcohol. 

Chem. Descrip. Modified ethoxylated alkylamine Ionic Nature Nonionic/cationic... 

Chem. Descrip. Ethoxylated alkylamine, acetic acid salt Ionic Nature Cationic... 

Chem. Descrip. Alkyl quatemaiy ammonium chloride and ethoxylated alkylamine... 

Szewczyk, H., 1. Szymanowski, W. Jerzykiewicz, Determination by GC of the composition of some commercial ethoxylated alkylamines, Tenside, Suifactants, Deterg., 1982,19,287—289. 

Alkylamines and diamines are generally classified as corrosive to the skin based on results from laboratory animal (rabbit) studies performed in accordance with the Department of Transportation (DOT) test method (84) rabbits are considered to be especially sensitive to alkylamines which even at low concentrations can induce skin redness and swelling. Oleylamine has been shown to induce mild to moderate skin irritation in laboratory rats when appHed at a concentration of 0.3% in mineral oil (Chemical Manufacturer s Association, 1985). Fatty amines which contain alkyl chains of 10—14 carbons are considered more irritating than related products which contain alkyl chains of 14—18 carbon atoms. Ethoxylation generally decreases the irritation potential of alkylamines. 

Alkylamine ethoxylates may be used as quaternary salts [785], The amount necessary to break the emulsion is generally 1 to 100 ppm. 

Ethoxylated products can also feature as amphoteric surfactants an example is compound 9.55, an alkylamine poly(oxyethylene) sulphate. Of particular interest in textile processing are the trisubstituted alkylamino acids known as betaines N-alkylbetaines (9.56 R = C8-C16 alkyl) and acylaminoalkylbetaines (9.57 R = C10-C16 alkyl) are typical [30]. 

Non-ionic Alkylphenol ethoxylates, long chain alkanol ethoxylates, long chain alkylamine ethoxylates, sorbitan esters and ethoxylates, castor oil ethoxylates, EO/PO copolymers, acrylic copolymers, polysiloxane-polyether copolymers, fluorosilicones... 

The last group of non-durable antistats is composed of non-ionic compounds such as ethoxylated fatty esters, alcohols and alkylamines (Fig. 10.3). Mixtures of cationic and non-ionic surfactants demonstrate synergistic antistatic properties. The non-ionic materials provide increased moisture absorption and the cationic products provide the mobile counterions. 

Priminox. [Rohm Haas] Ethoxylated tertiary alkylamine. 

A, air H, water W, waste Al, aliphatic amine AA, aromatic amine PAA, polyaromatic amine ABDAC, alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chloride AME, alkylamine ethoxylates T, tertiary amine PE, polyethylene PS/DVB, polystyrene/divinylbenzene PDMS, polydimethylsiloxane PA, polyacrylate PAB, polyacrilonitrilbutadiene. 

Krogh, K. A., Vejrup, K. V., Mogensen, B. B., and Sjjrensen, B. H., Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method to determine alcohol ethoxylates and alkylamine ethoxylates in soil interstitial, water, ground water and surface water samples, J. Chromatogr., 957, 45-57, 2002. 

Nearly all hair care products incorporate one or more cationic conditioning agents, where the latter can be either cationic surfactants or cationic polymers. The cationic surfactants can be further divided into four major classes, i.e. alkylamines, ethoxylated amines, alkyl imidazolines, and quaternaries. The quaternaries are the most widely used in the personal care industry because of their strong affinity to the hair fibre surface. 

Cationic surfactants can also be used as functional additives in traditional chain lubricant formulations, including biocides, stress-craze inhibitors and coupling agents. As mentioned above, the first use of alkylamines in chain lubricants was as an additive in a traditional, soap-based formulation to improve the stability of the system. Ethoxylated amines have also been employed as coupling agents in an alkaline diamine track lubricant, while tertiary amines have found utility as saponifying agents in traditional, soap-based chain formulations. 

Highly ethoxylated amines and diamines have been recommended for demulsification of crude oil. Combinations of quaternary ammonium salts and amines oxides are useful for foaming and silt suspension. Coco alkyltrimethylammonium chloride and bis(2-hydroxy-ethyljcoco alkylamine oxide comprise the preferred combinations. Quaternary ammonium salts, including coco alkyltrimethylammonium chloride, are useful for preparing foamed oil-in-water emulsions, which can dissolve paraffins and asphaltenes without formation damage. The pyrolized amine salts of humic acid have been used in filtrate control additives. 

The potash contains clay minerals, often as slime. This clay represents a large surface area and adsorbs the alkylamine collector. This is detrimental to the potash flotation, and therefore several methods are used to dispose of the clay. Mechanical de-sliming using hydrocyclones and hydroseparators is common practice. Slime flotation is often used. In this, the clay minerals are separated in a pre-flotation step by using a polymer and a non-ionic surfactant, for example, polyacrylamide and ethoxylated fatty acid, respectively. An alternate way is to depress the clay minerals with polymers such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), potato starch and lignosulfonate. 

Ethoxylated alcohol Cij., Alcohol ether sulfate Fatty acid glucoamide Alkylamine oxide Betaine... 

Unlike betaines, amine oxides are never anionic. However, they do show cationic or nonionic behavior depending on the pH, and therefore behave quite similarly [40]. Amine oxides are produced by the oxidation of tertiary alkylamines for example, dimethyl or ethoxylated amines with hydrogen peroxide. They are colorless liquids and free from salt (NaCl). As such, they are excellent foamers. The various types of amine oxides are shown in Figure 12.14. 

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