Ethene chlorid

Chlor-ethan- -diethylester Xll/1, 427, 443 2-Chlor-ethan- -diphenylester XII/1, 147, 151, 426 2-Chlor-ethen- -dialkylester XII/1, 506 2-Chlor-ethen- -dibutylester XII/1, 425 Chlor-ethin- -dialkylester E2, 373 Chlor-cthin- -dimethylester El, 574/ 2-Chlor-2-ethoxy-ethen- -chlorid-ethylester E2,337 2-Chlor-2-ethoxy-ethen- -dichlorid E2,328. 337 4-(2-Chlor-ethyl)-benzol- Xll/1, 368, 377 2-Chlor-l-ethyl-1.3-butadien-l- -dichlorid XII/1,... 

Chlor- -dibutylester XII/2, 814 2-Chlor-ethan- -amid-O-phenylester E2, 465 2-Chlor-ethan- -chlorid-O-ethylester E2, 432 2-Chlor-ethan- -dichlorid XII/1, 554 E2, 432, 463 2-Chlor-ethan- -O-ethylester XII/1, 580, 600 2-Chlor-2-ethylthio-cthan- -dichlorid E2, 432 2-Chlor-2-ethy]thio-ethen- -chlorid-O-ethylester... 

Ethene chlorid—Bichlorid of ethylene—Dutch liquid—I —... 

Cr,0, on AI2O3 Methylene chloride, ethene chlorides in air, with and without H,0 vapor 350 - 500 NR NR Chlorinated hydrocarbon removal 78... 

Ethene can add on to certain metal salts it is believed that the extra electrons of the double bond can be donated to some extent an example is the compound PtCl2-C2H4 formed with platinum(II) chloride which has the structure... 

Vinyl chloride is Hsted as "ethene, chloro-" on the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) inventory and on the Canadian Domestic Substances List (DSL). It is Hsted as "chloroethylene" on the European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances (EINECS), bearing the identification number 2008 310 (149). 

Poly(vinyl chloride) is Hsted on the TSCA inventory and the Canadian Domestic Substances List (DSL) as ethene, chloro-, homopolymer [9002-86-2]. Because polymers do not appear on the European Community Commercial Chemical Substances listing or EINECS, poly(vinyl chloride) is listed through its monomer, vinyl chloride [75-01-4]. In the United States, poly(vinyl chloride) is an EPA hazardous air pollutant under the Clean Air Act Section 112 (40 CER 61) and is covered under the New Jersey Community Right-to-Know Survey N.J. Environmental Hazardous Substances (EHS) List as "chloroethylene, polymer" with a reporting threshold of 225 kg (500 lb). 

This has a folded structure (Figure 2.27) similar to that of rhodium carbonyl chloride (Figure 2.18) with ethene acting as a two-electron donor, but ethene is more weakly held and readily displaced by CO and certain alkenes (e.g. cycloocta-1,5-diene). 

C2F4 displaces one ethene to give Rh(C2H4)(C2F4)(acac), as does hexa-fluorodewarbenzene, whereas other alkenes (e.g. propene, styrene, vinyl chloride) displace both ethenes. Comparison of the structures of two complexes (Figure 2.28) shows that the Rh-C bonds are shorter to tetra-fluoroethene, because C2F4 is a better 7r-acceptor, with concomitant strengthening of the Rh-C bond. 

One of the products of the reaction of sulfur with chlorine is disulfur dichloride, S2C12, a yellow liquid with a nauseating smell it is used for the vulcanization of rubber. When disulfur dichloride reacts with more chlorine in the presence of iron(III) chloride as a catalyst, the foul-smelling red liquid sulfur dichloride, SC12, is produced. Sulfur dichloride reacts with ethene to give mustard gas (16), which has been used in chemical warfare. Mustard gas causes blisters, discharges from the nose, and vomiting it also destroys the cornea of the eye. All in all, it is easy to see why ancient civilizations associated sulfur with the underworld. 

The notion of a pnre chemical snbstance can be related to empirically identifiable properties (e.g. sharp melting and boiling temperatures) but is nowadays understood in theoretical terms that are abstract (Johnson, 2002 Taber, 2002a). So hydrogen, methane, diamond, sodium, sodium chloride and polythene - poly(ethene) - are all considered examples of single chemical substances, although they are very different... 

There are several other examples of ZSM-5 being used commercially to reduce waste and give high product selectivity. One of these is the alkylation of benzene with ethene to produce ethylbenzene selectively. The pore size of ZSM-5 successfully minimizes dialkylation reactions whilst the ability to regenerate the catalyst avoids waste issues associated with older catalysts such as aluminium chloride. 

It has long been known that ethene can be oxidized to acetaldehyde in the presence of palladium chloride and water. This reaction was of no practical value since it required molar amounts of precious metal. 

For trichloroethene (TCE), the stoichiometric amount of iron and the effect of different preparations determine the outcome of the several competing reactions. Coupling products such as butenes, acetylene and its reduction products ethene and ethane, and products with five or six carbon atoms were formed (Liu et al. 2005). Although a held-scale application successfully lowered the concentration of TCE, there was evidence for the formation of the undesirable di-l,2-dichloroethene and 1-chloroethene (vinyl chloride) in the groundwater (Quinn et al. 2005). 

Coleman NV, JC Spain (2003) Epoxyalkane coenzyme M transferase in the ethene and vinyl chloride biodegradation pathways of Mycobacterium strain JS60. J Bacterial 185 5536-5546. 

The degradation of vinyl chloride and ethene has been examined in Mycobacterium sp. strain JS 60 (Coleman and Spain 2003) and in Nocardioides sp. strain JS614 (Mattes et al. 2005). For both substrates, the initially formed epoxides underwent reaction with reduced coenzyme M and, after dehydrogenation and formation of the coenzyme A esters, reductive loss of coenzyme M acetate resulted in the production of 5-acetyl-coenzyme A. The reductive fission is formally analogous to that in the glutathione-mediated reaction. 

Mattes TE, NV Coleman, JC Spain, JM Gossett (2005) Physiological and molecular genetic analysis of vinyl chloride and ethene biodegradation in Nocardioides sp. strain JS614. Archiv Microbiol 183 95-106. 

Particularly the chlorinated compounds have enjoyed range of applications vinyl chloride (chloro-ethene) as monomer for the production of PVC, tetra- and trichloroethenes as solvents for degreasing, and the insecticides l,l,l-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) and isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) (benzene hexachloride). The biodegradation of fluorinated aliphatic compounds is generally different from the outlines that have emerged from investigations on their chlorinated, brominated, and even iodinated analogues. They are therefore treated separately in Part 4 of this chapter. 

Under methanogenic conditions, a strain of Methanosarcina sp. transformed tetrachloroethene to trichloroethene (Fathepnre and Boyd 1988). In the presence of suitable electron donors snch as methanol, complete rednction of tetrachloroethene to ethene may be achieved in spite of the fact that the dechlorination of vinyl chloride appeared to be the rate-limiting step (Freedman and Gossett 1989). 

Reductive dechlorination in combination with the elimination of chloride has been demonstrated in a strain of Clostridium rectum (Ohisa et al. 1982) y-hexachlorocyclohexene formed 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene and y-l,3,4,5,6-pentachlorocyclohexene formed 1,4-dichlorobenzene (Figure 7.69). It was suggested that this reductive dechlorination is coupled to the synthesis of ATP, and this possibility has been clearly demonstrated during the dehalogenation of 3-chlorobenzoate coupled to the oxidation of formate in Desulfomonile tiedjei (Mohn and Tiedje 1991). Combined reduction and elimination has also been demonstrated in methanogenic cultures that transform 1,2-dibromoethane to ethene and 1,2-dibromoethene to ethyne (Belay and Daniels 1987). 

Danko AS, CA Saski, JP Tomkins, DL Freedman (2006) Involvement of coenzyme M during aerobic degradation of vinyl chloride and ethene by Pseudomonas putida strain AJ and Ochrobactrum sp. stain TD. Appl Environ Microbiol 72 3756-3758. 

Computational studies were done on several ClZnCH2Cl models, and the results are summarized in Figure 10.5.178 A minimal TS consisting of ClZnCH2Cl and ethene shows charge transfer mainly to the departing Cl that is, the ethene displaces chloride in the zinc coordination sphere. The model can be elaborated by inclusion of ZnCl2,... 

Tetrachoroethylene (perchloroethylene, PCE) is the only chlorinated ethene that resists aerobic biodegradation. This compound can be dechlorinated to less- or nonchlorinated ethenes only under anaerobic conditions. This process, known as reductive dehalogenation, was initially thought to be a co-metabolic activity. Recently, however, it was shown that some bacteria species can use PCE as terminal electron acceptor in their basic metabolism i.e., they couple their growth with the reductive dechlorination of PCE.35 Reductive dehalogenation is a promising method for the remediation of PCE-contaminated sites, provided that the process is well controlled to prevent the buildup of even more toxic intermediates, such as the vinyl chloride, a proven carcinogen. 

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