Ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass

Wyman CE. (1995). Economic fundamentals of ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass. In Saddler JN, Penner MH, editors. Enzymatic, Degradation of Insoluble Carbohydrates. Washington, DC American Chemical Society, pp. 272-290. 

Stryer, L. Biochemistry W.H. Freeman and Company San Francisco, 1981. Wyman, CJE. Goodman, B.J. Near Term Application of Biotechnology to Fuel Ethanol Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass NIST GCR 93-63 U.S. Department of Commerce Washington, D.C., 1993. 

This makes the flocculating Z. mobilis ZM401 a suitable host candidate for more efficient fuel ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass than yeast. 

Zhao, N Bai, Y., Liu, C.G., Zhao, X.Q. et al. (2014) Flocculating Zymomonas mobilis is a promising host to be engineered for fuel ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass. Biotechnol. 9, 362 —371. 

Ingram, L.O. Lai, X. Moniruzzaman, M. Wood, B.E. York, S.W. Fuel ethanol production from lignocellulose using genetically engineered bacteria. In Fuels and Chemicals from Biomass, American Chemical Society Symposium Series Saha, B.C., Woodward, J.E., Eds. American Chemical Society Press Washington, DC, 1997 Vol. 666, 57-73. 

Lugar RG, Woolsey RJ (1999) The new petroleum. Foreign Aff 78 88-102 Lynd LR (1989) Ethanol production from lignocellulosic substrates using thermophilic bacteria. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 38 1-52 Lynd LR, Cushman JH, Nichols RJ, Wyman CE (1991) Fuel ethanol from ceUu-losic biomass. Science 251 1318-1323... 

R., Lee, Y., Holzapple, M., Ladisch, M., Features of promising technologies for pretteatment of lignocellulosic biomass, Bioresource Technol., 96, 673-686, 2005 Rabinovitch. M. L., Ethanol production from material containing cellulose the potential of Russian R D, Appl. Biochem. Microbiol, 42, 1,1-26, 2006... 

If organisms could be found or metabolically engineered that efficiently ferment both the pentoses and hexoses under practical conditions at high yields and short residence times, fermentation ethanol technology would then have reached another plateau with low-cost lignocellulosic feedstocks. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation or separate saccharification and fermentation of essentially all the sugars that make up the polysaccharides would each be able to approach the theoretical limit of fermentation ethanol production from the polysaccharides in low-cost lignocellulosic biomass. 

The current ethanol supply is, in the large part, derived from starch. Nevertheless, vast amounts of agricultural residues and other lignocellulosic biomass can serve as the feedstock for ethanol production. Theoretically, enough ethanol can be produced from cellulosic biomass to meet most of the liquid fuel requirements in the US. The expanded utilization of lignocellulosic biomass for ethanol production can also free starchy crops for food and other uses. In addition, less carbon dioxide emission can be realized if more ethanol can be produced from lignocellulosic biomass and if the market for ethanol as a transportation fuel can be expanded beyond the current level. 

For the efficient production of ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass, several procedural obstacles should be overcome. Based on current research progress, the goal of efficient production of ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass can be realized in the near future. 

Tolan, J.S. (2005) logon s demonstration process for producing ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass, in Biorefineries-Industrial Processes and Products (eds B. Kamm, P. Gruber, and M. Kamm), Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Weinheim, pp. 193-207. 

In addition to currently available industrial lignins, this chapter includes a discussion on novel lignins that are potentially available in the near future from biorefinery operations, for instance, for the production of ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass. 

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