Genetically engineered bacteria

French CE et al. (1995) Biological production of semisynthetic opiates using genetically engineered bacteria. Biotechnology (NY) 13(7) 674-676... 

McClure NC, Fry JC, Weightman AJ (1991) Survival and catabolic activity of natural and genetically engineered bacteria in laboratory-scale activated sludge unit. Appl Env Microbiol 57 366-373... 

In other cases, speeialized enzymes and genetically engineered bacteria have been used to gain temporary relief of shock and other toxic loads to a treatment system. The application of engineered bacteria may be practical... 

Steffa R.J. and R.M. Atlas. 1988. DNA amplification to enhance detection of genetically engineered bacteria in environmental samples. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54 2185-2191. 

Large quantities of pure insulin are required for the treatment of diabetes mellitus (see p. 160). The annual requirement for insulin is over 500 kg in a country the size of Germany. Formerly, the hormone had to be obtained from the pancreas of slaughtered animals in a complicated and expensive procedure. Human insulin, which is produced by overexpression in genetically engineered bacteria, is now mainly used (see p.262). 

Henschke, R. B. Schmidt, R. J. (1990). Plasmid mobilization from genetically engineered bacteria to members of the indigenous soil microflora in situ. Current Microbiology, 20, 105-10. 

Ramos-Gonzales, M. I., Ruiz-Cabello, F., Brettar, I., Garrido, F. Ramos, J.L. (1992). Tracking genetically engineered bacteria monoclonal antibodies against surface determinants of the soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida 2440.Journal of Bacteriology, 174, 2978-85. 

Lindow requested government permission to test genetically engineered bacteria to control frost damage to potatoes and strawberries. 

Cheese is made by coagulating milk by the addition of rennet to produce curds. The curds are separated from the liquid whey and then processed and matured to produce a wide variety of cheeses. The active ingredient of rennet is the enzyme chymosin. Until 1990, most rennet was produced from the stomach of slaughtered newly born calves. These days, at a cost one tenth of that before 1990, chymosin is produced by genetically engineered bacteria into which the gene for this enzyme has been inserted, and is used for making cheese in the United States, Europe, and other parts of the world. 

Shikimic acid (for Tamiflu) can be produced from genetically engineered bacteria as a less threatening alternative to harvesting from Star Anise (work of Professor John W. Frost and co-workers, Michigan State University, New York Times, Business Section, November 5,2005.)... 

Insulin is a complex protein molecule produced by the pancreas in all vertebrates. This hormone regulates carbohydrate metabolism. Inability to produce insulin results in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes is treated by injections of insulin. Given the law of definite proportion, would you expect any differences in chemical activity between human insulin extracted from pancreatic tissue and human insulin produced by genetically engineered bacteria Why or why not ... 

Since immunoassays utilize antibodies as analytical reagents, the challenge is to obtain antibodies specific for an individual compound that may be present in a milieu of structurally related and unrelated compounds. Antibodies can be produced by in vivo immunization (polyclonal antibodies), hybridoma technology (monoclonal antibodies) and by genetically engineered bacteria (antibody fragments with affinities for specific molecules). Some caveats pertaining to the production and use of such antibodies in immunoassay procedures will be presented. 

Rennet Acidic Proteinase Mucor ssp. and Genetically Engineered Bacteria Calf Stomach Coagulation of Milk Proteins in Cheese Production... 

Similarly to modification of enzymes, for application in biosensors also, luminescence-based microbial biosensors were reported with the use of genetically engineered bacteria for such important environmental applications as determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,125 or for genotoxicity monitoring.126... 

Umu-C test. The umu-c test has been standardized and validated by ISO (ISO 13829, 2000) and is based on the use of the genetically engineered bacteria Salmonella typhimurium TA 1535 pSK1002. The test strain was constructed from its precursor, Salmonella typhimurium TA98, a his, tfa, uvrB and lacZ mutant (Ames et al., 1973, 1975 McCann et al., 1975a,b). Genotoxicity effects are... 

Ingram, L.O. Lai, X. Moniruzzaman, M. Wood, B.E. York, S.W. Fuel ethanol production from lignocellulose using genetically engineered bacteria. In Fuels and Chemicals from Biomass, American Chemical Society Symposium Series Saha, B.C., Woodward, J.E., Eds. American Chemical Society Press Washington, DC, 1997 Vol. 666, 57-73. 

Bacteria will ferment pentoses to ethanol plus mixed acids [4], and various researchers have genetically engineered bacteria to improve ethanol production from pentoses. However, most industrial ethanol fermentations use S. cerevi-... 

Both starting materials were prepared enzymatically. Genetically engineered bacteria have been used to convert glucose to 2-keto-L-gulonic acid, eliminating four steps in the synthesis of ascorbic acid (vitamin C).253... 

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