Ethanol biofuel

Second-generation biofuel technologies make use of a much wider range of biomass feedstock (e.g., forest residues, biomass waste, wood, woodchips, grasses and short rotation crops, etc.) for the production of ethanol biofuels based on the fermentation of lignocellulosic material, while other routes include thermo-chemical processes such as biomass gasification followed by a transformation from gas to liquid (e.g., synthesis) to obtain synthetic fuels similar to diesel. The conversion processes for these routes have been available for decades, but none of them have yet reached a high scale commercial level. 

Sawaiko, B. 2004. A promising future for ethanol. World Ethanol Biofuels Rep. 2 20-28. 

Hill, J., Nelson, E., Tilman, D., Polasky, S., and Tiffany, D., Environmental, economic, and energetic costs and benefits of biodiesel and ethanol biofuels, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 103, 11206-11210, 2006. 

One of the most abundant natural and renewable sources of carbon is cellulose, fibers that have been used for centuries in the production of paper. Chemists have found ways to modify these water-insoluble fibers, applying various chemical or biochemical treatments that generate high value materials (modified cellulose). The latter find applications in medicine, in material sciences, and in the nanotechnologies, including production of absorbers to remove undesired and toxic contaminants from factory effluents. Chemical and biochemical modifications of cellulose generate materials that can be used to produce ethanol (biofuel) by fermentation. 

S. et al. (2006) Environmental, economic, and energetic costs and benefits of biodiesel and ethanol biofuels. 

M. Roehr, ed.. The Biotechnology of Ethanol, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2001 J. Goettemoeller and A. Goettemoeller, Sustainable Ethanol Biofuels, Biorefineries, Cellulosic Biomass, Flex-fuel Vehicles, and Sustainable Farming for Energy Independence, Prairie Oak Pub., Maryville, 2007 L. Olsson, Biofuels, Springer, Berlin, 2007 W. Soetaert, E.J. Vandamme, ed.. Biofuels, John Wiley Sons, Chichester, 2009. 

Yang B, Chlarles EW (2008) Pretreatment the key to unlocking low-cost cellulosic ethanol. Biofuels Bioprod Bioref 2 26-40... 

The Willner group functionalized a SWCNT anode with Nile Blue and the cofactors NADP" and NAD" via a phenyl boronic acid ligand [23]. Connecting the anode to a BOD cathode, one ethanol biofuel ceU based on alcohol dehydrogenase delivered 23 pW cm and one glucose biofuel cell based on glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) delivered 58 pW cm . ... 

Gusakov AV. CeUulases and hemiceUulases in the 21st century race for ceUulosic ethanol. Biofuels 2013 4 567-9. 

Aquino Neto S, Ford JC, Zucolotto V, Ciancaghni P, de Andrade AR. Development of nanostnictured bioanodes containing dendrimers and dehydrogenases enzymes for application in ethanol biofuel cells. Biosens Bioelectron 2011 26 2922-2926. 

Hill, J. Nelson, E. Tilman, D. Polasky, S. Tiffany, D., 2006 Environmental, Economic, and Energetic Costs and Benefits of Biodiesel and Ethanol Biofuels , in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103 11206-11210. 

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