Energy independence

Hennagir, T. PFBC Progresses. Independent Energy, September 1996. 

A schematic energy-level diagram of Cr3+ and Tm3+ in YAG together with the luminescence and absorption spectra of Cr3+ are shown in fig. 18. Three primary Cr3+ - Tm3+ energy transfer pathways can be identified thermally activated energy transfer from the 4T2 state (4T2 ET), thermally activated energy transfer from the 2E anti-Stokes phonon sidebands (2E anti-Stokes ET), and temperature-independent energy transfer from the zero phonon and Stokes phonon sidebands of the 2E state (2E Stokes ET). 

Equation (23) represents the total energy balance or first law of thermodynamics. It includes all forms of energy transport. An independent energy equation, which does not represent a generic balance relation, is obtained by performing the operation v (equations of motion) and is... 

Mandelkern et al. (1968) have proved that the WLF formulation, which has had an outstanding success in explaining the segmental mobility and flow properties of completely amorphous polymers, is not applicable to the transport process involved in the growth of spherulites in melts of semi-crystalline polymers. Rather, a temperature-independent energy of activation, specific to a given polymer and dependent on its glass temperature, suffices to explain the experimental data now available. Mandelkern s equation reads ... 

In this second example, we consider a semiconducting material with a T-independent energy gap 2A0 but a T-dependent mobility p(7). This interesting case has been discussed thoroughly by Epstein et al. [16]. If a standard power law of the form T a, is assumed for jx(7), in addition to the normal activation law exp(-A(/7) for n(T), the resulting conductivity... 

The majority of independent energy projects which have been promoted in countries such as the UK, which have a non-parastatal electricity supply indushy, have been funded on the so-called project finance basis. Under such an arrangement which was developed originally in connection with North Sea oil projects in the 1960s) the majority (in the region of 80 %) of the finance required to implement the project comprises debt borrowed over a period of, typically, 12-15 years. Bond financing can extend this period to 25 years in certain cases. The debt is repaid from the net revenues of the project. The remainder of the finance required for the project comprises equity provided by the project sponsors. 

Path independent energy line integral around a crack tip... 

Fig. 33 Calculated cell voltage as function of current density based on the model described by Eq. (24-27). Dashed curves correspond to coverage-independent energy of adsorption of CO on Pt, whereas solid curves, which better fit experimental data, correspond to adsorption energy falling with coverage according a Temkin-type isotherm [42].

Because of the difficulty of making absolute intensity measurements, it is more common to make relative measurements. As an example, consider the simple case of a time-independent energy transfer rate with pulsed excitation. The solutions of Eqs. (69) are... 

Exempt Wholesale Generator - An unregulated subsidiary of an eiectric utiiity that is aiiowed to generate and sell wholesale power as an independent energy producer, and is exempt from the Public Utility Hoiding Company Act of 1935. 

Smith and Brown have recently completed an extensive study of alcohol -I-alkane mixtures in which Barker s method is compared directly with chemical association models. They conclude that the equations of Barker s theory are more satisfactory than those of Kretschmer and Wiebe with concentration equilibrium constants and those of Redlich and Kister with mole fraction equilibrium constants. However, even Barker s equations are inadequate for predicting accurate excess Gibbs energies and enthalpies. Sosnkowska-Kehiaian, Hryniewicz, and Kehiaian accounted for their measurements of enthalpies of mixing of alkanes and other hydrocarbons with n-alkyl ethers using a zeroth approximation formula with one temperature-independent energy parameter. 

H may depend on time (enetgy ehanges in time, interacting system) or may be time-independent (energy conserved, isolated system). Equation (1.10) is called the time-dependent Schrddinger equation (Fig. 1.7). 

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