Biofuel cells glucose

Zebda (2010) Liquid/liquid Row-by Monolithic Enzymatic biofuel cell Glucose Dissolved O2 0.03 0.55 19... 

Katz E, Willner I, Kotlyar AB. 1999. A non-compartmentalized glucose IO2 biofuel cell by... 

Mano N, Mao F, Heller A. 2003. Characteristics of a miniature compartment-less glucose-02 biofuel cell and its operation in a living plant. J Am Chem Soc 125 6588-6594. 

Okuda J, Yamazaki T, Fukasawa M, Kakehi N, Sode K. 2007. The application of engineered glucose dehydrogenase to a direct electron-transfer-type continuous glucose monitoring system and a compartmentless biofuel cell. Anal Lett 40 431 -440. 

Yan YM, Zheng W, Su L, Mao LQ. 2006. Carbon-nanotube-based glucose/02 biofuel cells. Adv Mater 18 2639-2643. 

Recently, a novel microbial fuel cell harvesting energy from the marine sediment—seawater interface has been reported. Also, a novel photosynthetic biofuel cell that is a hybrid between a microbial and enzymatic biofuel cell has been reported for the very first time. More recently, reports of an unconventional biomass-fueled ceramic fuel cell can also be found in the literature. A new concept of Gastrobots —hybrid robots that utilize operational power derived from microbial fuel cells—has been introduced. Finally, the generation of electrical power by direct oxidation of glucose was demonstrated in mediatorless microbial fuel cells, which produced currents up to 3 fiA/cm at unknown cell voltage. ... 

Figure 7. Noncompartmentalized glucose—oxygen biofuel cell. Reprinted with permission from refs 12 and 125. Copyright 2003 John Wiley and Sons Limited. Copyright 1999 Elsevier Science S.A.

Bioelectrocatalysis involves the coupling of redox enzymes with electrochemical reactions [44]. Thus, oxidizing enzymes can be incorporated into redox systems applied in bioreactors, biosensors and biofuel cells. While biosensors and enzyme electrodes are not synthetic systems, they are, essentially, biocatalytic in nature (Scheme 3.5) and are therefore worthy of mention here. Oxidases are frequently used as the biological agent in biosensors, in combinations designed to detect specific target molecules. Enzyme electrodes are possibly one of the more common applications of oxidase biocatalysts. Enzymes such as glucose oxidase or cholesterol oxidase can be combined with a peroxidase such as horseradish peroxidase. 

Enzyme electrodes play a vital role in the operation of - biosensor and -> biofuel cells. The term enzyme electrode was coined by Clark and Lyons after their first demonstration of a -> glucose sensor in which glucose oxidase was entrapped at a - Clark oxygen electrode using a dialysis membrane. The decrease in measured oxygen concentration was proportional to the glucose concentration. 

See also - bifunctional mediator, - biofuel cells, -> catalytic current, - catalytic hydrogen evolution, - dye cell, -> enzyme electrodes, -> ferrocene, - glucose sensor, -> indirect and direct electrolysis, and - surface-modified electrodes. 

Figure 23. (A) Schematic configuration of a biofuel cell employing glucose and H2O2 as fuel and oxidizer, and using PQQ-FAD/reconstituted GOx and MP-11-functionalized electrodes as bio-catalytic anode and cathode, respectively. (B) Current-voltage behavior of the biofuel cell at different external loads. Inset electrical power extracted from the biofuel cell at different external loads.

For the first fime, enzymes were used as fuel cell catalysts by Yahiro et al. in a glucose/Oj biofuel cell [101]. 

Mediated enzyme electrodes were also realized on combined microscale and nanoscale supports [300]. Bioelectrocatalytic hydrogels have also been realized by co-assembling electron-conducting metallopolypeptides with bifunctional building blocks [301]. More recently, redox-modified polymers have been employed to build biofuel cells [25, 70, 302, 303]. In 2003, an enzymatic glucose/02 fuel cell which was implanted in a living plant was introduced [147]. 

To summarize, the advent of redox-relay modified polymers, such as redox hydrogels, conducting polymers, or EDPs, enabled the development of biosensors that even made it to commercial applications such as implantable glucose sensors. In addition, this approach is now increasingly used for the development of biofuel cells. 

Pizzariello, A., Stredansky. M.. and Miertus, S. (2002) A glucose/hydrogen peroxide biofuel cell that uses oxidase and peroxidase as catalysts by composite bulk-modified bioelectrodes based on a solid binding matrix. Bioelectrochemistry, 56 (1-2), 99-105. 

Figure 3-27. Schematic configuration of a biofuel cell element that utilizes glucose as a fuel...

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