Ethane Carbon dioxide

Chloroform in aqueous solutions at concentrations ranging from 1 to 10% of the solubility limit were subjected to y rays. At a given radiation dose, as the concentration of the solution decreased, the rate of decomposition increased. As the radiation dose and solute concentration were increased, the concentrations of the following degradation products also increased methane, ethane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and chloride ions. Conversely, the concentration of oxygen decreased with increased radiation dose and solute concentration (Wu et al, 2002). 

Of the natural gas components that form simple hydrates, nitrogen, propane, and iso-butane are known to form structure II. Methane, ethane, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide all form si as simple hydrates. Yet, because the larger molecules of propane and iso-butane only fit into the large cavity of structure II, natural gas mixtures containing propane and iso-butane usually form structure II hydrate (see Section 2.1.3.3 in the subsection on structural changes in binary hydrate structure). 

The data were modeled with one fitted parameter (K ) for hydrate growth of simple hydrate formers of methane, ethane, carbon dioxide. Since all these model components form si hydrate, the model should be used with caution for sll and sH. 

Hydrates Ethane + carbon dioxide Reference Adisasmito and Sloan (1992) Phases Lw-H-V... 

Binary Mixtures of Ethane + Carbon Dioxide with Inhibitors... 

Hydrate Ethane + carbon dioxide with 10 wt% sodium chloride Reference Fan and Guo (1999)... 

Studiengesselschaft Kohle m.b.H. (2) reported the effect of temperature on solubility level in supercritical gas. The solubility is highest within 20 K of the critical temperature and decreases as temperature is raised to 100 K above the critical temperature. At temperatures near the critical temperature, a sharp rise in solubility occurs as the pressure is increased to the vicinity of the critical pressure and increases further as the pressure is further increased. Less volatile materials are taken up to a lesser extent than more volatile materials, so the vapor phase has a different solute composition than the residual material. There does not seem to be substantial heating or cooling effects upon loading of the supercritical gas. It is claimed that the chemical nature of the supercritical gas is of minor importance to the phenomenon of volatility amplification. Ethylene, ethane, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, propylene, propane, and ammonia were used to volatilize hydrocarbons found in heavy petroleum fractions. 

We have applied some of these principles to the extraction of 1-butene from a binary mixture of 1,3-butadiene/1-butene. Various mixtures of sc solvents (e.g., ethane, carbon dioxide, ethylene) are used in combination with a strongly polar solvent gas like ammonia. The physical properties of these components are shown in Table I. The experimental results were then compared with VLE predictions using a newly developed equation of state (18). The key feature of this equation is a new set of mixing rules based on statistical mechanical arguments. We have been able to demonstrate its agreement with a number of binary and ternary systems described in the literature, containing various hydrocarbon compounds, a number of selected polar compounds and a supercritical component. 

In GC this process has been used to separate fixed gases such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, methane, carbon monoxide, ethane, carbon dioxide, and ethylene5 and it has been called molecular sieve chromatography. The sieves are natural zeolites or synthetic materials of which the alkali metal aluminosilicates are typical. Table 3 lists the pore sizes of some commercial sieves. Newer sieves have been especially prepared from carbon Figure 3.5 shows a separation on a typical one, carbosieve II-S. 

Photocatalytic cells. As in (1) above the reaction functions in the sense AG < 0 but the photons are used to overcome the activation energy barrier. These cells are used in converting substances. Probable applications are exemplified by the decomposition of acetic acid into ethane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen ... 

We have presented experimental and theoretical results for vibrational relaxation of a solute, W(CO)6, in several different polyatomic supercritical solvents (ethane, carbon dioxide, and fluoroform), in argon, and in the collisionless gas phase. The gas phase dynamics reveal an intramolecular vibrational relaxation/redistribution lifetime of 1.28 0.1 ns, as well as the presence of faster (140 ps) and slower (>100 ns) components. The slower component is attributed to a heating-induced spectral shift of the CO stretch. The fast component results from the time evolution of the superposition state created by thermally populated low-frequency vibrational modes. The slow and fast components are strictly gas phase phenomena, and both disappear upon addition of sufficiently high pressures of argon. The vibrational... 

The offer made by program is diverse mechanisms leading to experimentally proved synthons are preferred. Those in the solved example [56] are ethylene, 1,2-disubstituted ethane, carbon dioxide, 3-hydroxypropanenitrile 28, isocyanic acid 17, hydrogen cyanide 9, acrylonitrile 29, and cyanoformic acid 12. 

Khazanova, N.E. and Lesnevskaya, L.S. 1967. "Phase and Volume Relations in the System Ethane-Carbon Dioxide", Russ. /. Phys. Chem., 41 1279-1282. 

Ohgaki, K. and Katayama, T. 1977. "Isothermal Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Data for the Ethane-Carbon Dioxide System at High Pressure" Fluid Phase Equil., 1 27-32. 

Fig. 5. Adsorption isotherms for the binary mixture of ethane/carbon dioxide in MCM-41 (pore diameter = 3.6 nm) at 264.55 K and a composition of 47.06% carbon dioxide.

We have reported experimental data for the adsorption of ethane/methane and ethane/carbon dioxide mixtures in MCM-41 samples at 264.55 K. 

For the ethane/carbon dioxide mixture in MCM-41, lAST gives good predictions for the mixture adsorption at low and moderate pressures, but exhibits some deviations at high pressures. This non-ideal behaviour might be due to the chemical dissimilarity of the adsorptive species, which will be taken into account in subsequent GCMC simulations. Nevertheless, lAST gives very accurate selectivity results for this mixture over the whole pressure range. 

The hydrocarbon products of the plant falls naturally into four fractions. The first fraction consists of "light-gas", e.g. methane, ethane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, etc. These comprise approximately 1-2% of the output and has no major potential use as a chemical feedstock. The second fraction (>20% of the output) consists of the "readily-condensible" gases, e.g. propane, n-butane and isobutane this can be regarded as the LPG fraction. The third fraction consists of approximately 33-45% of aliphatic liquid hydrocarbons and the fourth fraction can be arbitrarily divided into light and heavy aromatic hydrocarbons. 

There is another, very important and large repository of methane methane hydrates (also known as gas hydrates or clathrates Kvenvolden 1988).They comprise ice in which the interstices of the lattice house small molecules, such as methane, ethane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide. In fact, enough gas needs to be present to fill 90% of the interstices in order for the hydrate to form, and it has a different crystal structure from normal ice (Sloan 1990). If fully saturated, the most common crystalline structure can hold one molecule of methane for every 5.75 molecules of water, so lm3 of hydrate can contain 164 m3 of methane at STP (see Box 4.8).The solubility of methane in water is insufficient to account for hydrate formation, and a major nearby source is required, typically methanogenesis, based on the dominance of methane (99%) and its very light isotopic composition (813C generally <—60%o see Section 5.8.2). 

As we related in the introduction to Appendix A, this patent should be read by everyone involved in research and process development using supercritical fluids. In his examples, Zosel describes results on neat solubility, separations of liquids and solids, fractionations, etc. A wealth of information is given on the performance of various gases, e.g., ethylene, ammonia, ethane, carbon dioxide, in dissolving a variety of compounds. Several interesting experiments carried out in a plexiglass autoclave are descrited, and certain phase separations are noted. Some of the information can be found in other references, of course, but not in such succinct form. It is of pedagogical value to reproduce one of the examples here. 

Surface tension at 90" 16.70 dynes/cm. Shipped as i liquefied gas in low pressure steel cylinders under its own vapor pressure of about 136 pounds per square inch. Contaminants are propane, ethane, carbon dioxide. 

Using the proposed procedure in conjunction with literature values for the density (11) and vapor pressure (12) of solid carbon dioxide, the solid-formation conditions have been determined for a number of mixtures containing carbon dioxide as the solid-forming component. The binary interaction parameters used in Equation 14 were the same as those used previously for two-phase vapor-liquid equilibrium systems (6). The value for methane-carbon dioxide was 0.110 and that for ethane-carbon dioxide was 0.130. Excellent agreement has been obtained between the calculated results and the experimental data found in the literature. As shown in Figure 2, the predicted SLV locus for the methane-carbon... 

Figure 3. Liquid composition at the solid-liquid-vapor condition in the methane-ethane-carbon dioxide ternary system ( ), —84.9°F (A), -90°F (M), —100°F ( ), -I29.9°F ( ), -I<50°F.

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