Ester wax

Patty esters (wax esters), formed by ester interchange of the product alcohol and the starting material in the hydrogenolysis reactors, are later separated from the product by distillation. Unreacted methyl esters are also converted to fatty esters in the distillation step... 

Rigid Applications. The use of the lead stabilizers is very limited in the United States but, they are stiU used in several rigid PVC appHcations in Europe and Asia. The highest use of lead stabilizers in rigid PVC is for pipe and conduit appHcations. Tribasic lead sulfate is the primary heat stabilizer with lead stearates included to provide lubrication. The lead products are typically fully formulated, usually including lubricants and pigments for pipe extmsion appHcations. These lead one-packs, when used at about 1.8—2.5 phr, provide all of the stabilizer and lubrication needed to process the polymer. A lead one-pack contains tribasic lead sulfate, dibasic lead stearate calcium stearate, polyethylene wax, paraffin wax, ester wax, and pigments. 

Ethanol and choline glycerolipids were isolated from calf brain and beef heart lipids by PTLC using silica gel H plates. Pure ethanol amine and choline plasmalogens were obtained with a yield of 80% [74]. Four phosphohpid components in the purple membrane (Bacteriorhodopsin) of Halobacterium halobium were isolated and identified by PTLC. Separated phosphohpids were add-hydrolyzed and further analyzed by GC. Silica gel G pates were used to fractionate alkylglycerol according to the number of carbon atoms in the aliphatic moiety [24]. Sterol esters, wax esters, free sterols, and polar lipids in dogskin hpids were separated by PTLC. The fatty acid composition of each group was determined by GC. 

The GALDI-MS measurements covered a selection of natural ester waxes, both from animal (beeswax, shellac wax, spermaceti) and vegetable sources (candelilla, cane, carnauba, cotton fibre, esparto, ouricouri). Generally, the waxes were readily distinguishable by their characteristic distribution of molecular masses. In some cases, markers could be identified on the basis of literature data. 

Wood contains a small proportion (usually less than 5%) of components which are extractable by organic solvents such as ethanol or dichloromethane. The proportion of these extractives varies in hardwoods and softwoods and also between species. Although many of these substances are removed during the chemical pulping process, some may still be retained in the final sheet of paper. Their chemical composition is very varied, and they include alkanes, fatty alcohols and acids (both saturated and unsaturated), glycerol esters, waxes, resin acids, terpene and phenolic components. The proportion which remains in pulp and paper depends upon the pulping process used. In general, acidic components such as the resin and fatty acids are relatively easily removed by alkali by conversion to their soluble... 

Uses Solvent for cellulose esters and resins in manufacturing of printing inks, nail polishes, polymerization and spinning of acrylonitrile, dyeing wool, polyvinyl chloride adhesives, esters, waxes, vegetable oils brake fluids solvent degreasing antiseptic organic synthesis. 

Clotrimazole Lotrimin Cetearyl alcohol 70/30 (10%), cetyl esters wax NF, Polysorbate 60 Benzyl alcohol... 

Naftifine hydrochloride Naftin Cetyl alcohol, cetyl esters wax, isopropyl myristate, polysorbate 60, sorbitan monostearate, and stearyl alcohol Benzyl alcohol... 

Cetomacrogol 1000 BP, cetostearyl alcohol Cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, cetyl esters wax, polyoxyl 40 stearate, polyoxyl 8 stearate... 

Figure 6.3 Effects of hydrocarbon chain modifications on melting points of similar-sized cuticular lipids. When lipids melt, the absorption frequency of C-H symmetric stretching vibrations increases from -2849 cm1 to -2854 cm4. From right to left, compounds are (chemical change relative to n-alkane, molecular mass in daltons) filled circles, n-dotnacontane (no change, 450) open circles, palmitic acid myristyl ester (wax ester, 452) filled triangles, 13-methylhentriacontane (methyl-branched alkane, 450) open triangles, (Z)-13-tritriacontene (double bond, 462) filled squares, 9,13-dimethylhentriacontane (2 methyl branches, 464) open squares, oleic acid oleyl ester (2 double bonds and an ester link, 532). Data from Gibbs and Pomonis (1995) and Patel el al. (2001).

Triterpenoids occur in hardwood parenchyma resin, and closely related sterols are also present in softwoods (Fig. 5-6). Sterols typefied by the abundant /3-sitosterol, mostly have a hydroxyl group in the C-3 position. They also appear as the alcohol component in fatty acid esters (waxes). Triterpenoids and sterols are sparingly soluble substances contributing to pitch problems in pulping and paper making. Some trees contain polyterpenes and their derivatives known as polyprenols. Betulaprenols, present in birch wood, belong to this category of substances (Fig. 5-7). 

Cetyl ester wax Crodamol SS, Ritachol SS, Starfol wax USPNF Melting range 43 17 °C acid value <5.0 saponification value 109-120 iodine value <1.0... 

A group termed other esters includes a large variety of functionally diverse lipids. Wax esters are a typical example. The term wax is used commonly for esters of long-chain fatty acids with long-chain primary alcohols, but sometimes it is used for the entire mixture of lipids that contain waxes. Ester waxes are present in both plants and animals where they form the water-repellent surface coating (e.g., skin surface of animals and the leaf cuticle). Esters of normal alcohols with monobranched or multibranched fatty acids have been found in the preen glands of birds (2). Complex waxes (in which either the fatty acid or the alcohol component or both has a complex structure) have been isolated from some bacteria. Diesters... 

More commonly, waxes are esters of an alcohol other than glycerol (long chain alcohol, sterol, hydroxycarotenoids, vitamin A) and a long chain acid (wax esters). Wax esters are saponified by hot alkaline solutions and give a fatty acid and an alcohol. They are soluble in aromatic solvents, chloroform, ethers, esters and ketones. 

In addition to accumulation of proteinaceous deposits, such as those occurring on soft hydrophilic lenses, the molecular make-up of many RGP lenses also tends to attract lipid deposits, such as cholesterol esters, wax esters, triglycerides, etc. This is especially true of the more hydrophobic materials such as silicone acrylates with high Dk (oxygen permeability) values. Accordingly, more recent developments in material science related to contact lenses have resulted in materials such as fluorosilicone acrylates and fluorocarbons with purportedly less propensity for deposits. 

The USPNF 23 describes cetyl esters wax as a mixture consisting primarily of esters of saturated fatty alcohols (C14-Cig) and saturated fatty acids (C14-C18). 

Cetyl esters wax is a stiffening agent and emollient used in creams and ointments as a replacement for naturally occurring spermaceti. 

Cetyl esters wax is hydrophobic and has been proposed as a suitable component of an ophthalmic gelatin-based, controlled-release delivery matrix. ... 

Cetyl esters wax occurs as white to off-white, somewhat translucent flakes (typically in the range of 5 pm to several millimeters in the largest dimension), having a crystalline structure and a pearly luster when caked. It has a faint, aromatic odor and a bland, mild taste. 

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