Esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid

The furfuryl esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid polymerize via a free-radical mechanism without apparent retardation problems arising from the presence of the furan ring. Early reports on these systems described hard insoluble polymers formed in bulk polymerizations and the cross-linking ability of as little as 2% of furfuryl acrylate in the solution polymerization of methylacrylate121. ... 

The resins used are polymers and copolymers of the esters of acrylic and methacrylic acids. They range in physical properties from soft elastomers to hard plastics, and are used in cementitious compounds in much the same manner as SBR latex. Acrylics are reported to have better UV stability than SBR latex and therefore remain flexible under exterior exposure conditions longer than SBR latex [88]. 

Uses and Reactions. Camphene is used for preparing a number of fragrance compounds. Condensation with acids such as acetic, propionic, isobutyric, and isovaleric produce useful isobomyl esters. Isobomyl acetate (41) has the greatest usage as a pine fragrance (81). The isobomyl esters of acrylic and methacrylic acids are also useful in preparing acrylic polymers. 

Acrylic Polymers. Although considerable information on the plasticization of acrylic resins is scattered throughout journal and patent literature, the subject is complicated by the fact that acrylic resins constitute a large family of polymers rather than a single polymeric species. An infinite variation in physical properties may be obtained through copolymerization of two or more acrylic monomers selected from the available esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid (30) (see Acrylic esterpolya rs Methacrylic acid and derivatives). 

The methyl, ethyl, and butyl esters of acrylic and methacrylic acids are polymerized under the influence of heat, light, and peroxides. The polymerization reaction is exothermic and may be carried out in bulk for castings, or by emulsion, or in solution. The molecular weight decreases as the temperature and catalyst concentration are increased. The polymers are noncrystalline and thus very clear. Such resins are widely used because of their clarity, brilliance, ease of forming, and light weight. They have excellent optical properties and are used for camera, instrument, and spectacle lenses. 

Vinyl lacquers are used mainly where a high degree of chemical resistance is required these lacquers are based on vinyl chlorides and vinyl acetates. Acrylic lacquers are based on methyl methacrylate and methyl acrylate polymers and copolymers. Other esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid also may be used to make nonconvertible film formers. Judicious selection of these acrylic acid or methacrylic acid esters allows one to produce film formers with specifically designed properties such as hardness, flexibility, gloss, durability, heat, and chemical resistance. Acrylic lacquers, however, are not noted for their water resistance. The principal uses of acrylic-type lacquers are fluorescent and metallic paints, car refinish applications, clear lacquers and sealers for metals, and protective coatings for aircraft components and for vacuum-deposited metals, as well as uses in pigmented coatings for cabinets and appliances. 

The acrylate resinoids are esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid. Methyl methacrylate, CH2 = C(CH3)COOH3, is a liquid ester which polymerizes to a transparent resin of high tensile strength. The polymerization is brought about by catalysts such as peroxides and heat. The polymerization is assumed to take place by addition to form linear molecules ... 

XXII Polymers based on esters of acrylic and methacrylic acids, their copolymers, and mixtures of these with other polymers X X (MC,CMC, HEC)... 

One class of such materials is the fluorinated alkyl esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid, a number of which have been prepared [1]. One of these esters, poly(l,l-dihydropentadecafluoro-octyl methacrylate), has a 11 dynes per cm.—less than Teflon TFE or even FEP [4]. Such materials, and others within the general class of unsaturated, appropriately fluorinated, polyesters warrant investigation for use either as thermoplastic hot-melt adhesives, or for cross linking in situ to form rigid thermoset adhesives. The saturated, appropriately fluorinated polyesters also warrant investigation as thermoplastic hot-melt adhesives. 

Esters of acrylic and methacrylic acids may, of course, be polymerized by the conventional free-radical techniques that have been described at length in this series of Polymer Syntheses. If the carbinol portions of these esters are optically active and these groups are not involved in the free radical process, the products will be optically active. The distance of the asymmetric carbon atom from the poly(vinyl) backbone may be expected to influence the amount of rotation [100]. Many naturally occurring carbinols, already being optically resolved, have been converted to the appropriate asymmetric esters. Among the starting materials described for this were menthol, bomeol, various carbohydrates, and resolved synthetic carbinols such as 1-a-methylbenzyl alcohol [101,102]. 

Emulsion polymers derived from acrylic monomers are easily the most composi-tionally diverse and versatile family of the commercially important broad classes of emulsion polymers. By acrylic we mean polymers of mcHiomeric alkyl esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid, but also include, usually as lesser components of the polymers, the free acids themselves and derivatives such as their amides, nitriles and aldehydes, as well as amides and esters bearing functional groups on the side chain, such as hydroxyl. 

The termination reaction in free-radical polymerizations of the esters of acrylic and methacrylic acids takes place by recombination and by disproportionation. Methyl methacrylate polymerizations, however, terminate at 25 °C predominantly by disproportionation. ... 

Using this procedure, the recovery of alkyl iodides is greater than 95% for polymers containing between 10 and 90% of the methyl, ethyl, and butyl esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid. In addition, the use of isopropylbenzene as the trapping solvent allows the determination of all to C4 alkyl iodides. 

The esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid, whose polymerization reactions are described in this chapter, are unsymmetrically substituted ethylenes of the general formula... 

Acrylic polymers are mainly used for their excellent strength, chemical and weather resistance. They are made by polymerization of esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid. The main resins are polymers of methyl and esters of acrylic and... 

Typical examples of monomers, which can polymerize in anionic way are 2-nitropropene, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid, butadiene, styrene and izopropene. 

On polarograms for diallylaminoethyl esters of acrylic and methacrylic acids in anhydrous dimethylformamide a one-electron reduction wave appears, which gradually increases to the two-electron level when proton donors (water, phenol, propargyl alcohol) are added to the solution [71]. The stronger the proton donors, the lower the concentrations at which the wave increases at the same time, the... 

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