Ester/oil systems

Phase Behavior oT Monoglycerol Fatty Acid Ester/Oil Systems... 

Shrestha, L. K., Shrestha, R. G., Solans, C. and Aramaki, K. (2007) Effect of water on foaming properties of diglycerol fatty acid ester-oil systems. Langmuir, 23, 6918-6926. 

Much less is known on the antioxidant activity of tocotrienols than tocopherols. Tocotrienols were shown to have similar reactivities to peroxyl radicals and antioxidant activities than tocopherols in solution and membranes (Yoshida et ah, 2003) also, in general, y-tocotrienol was a better antioxidant than a-tocotrienol, and tocotrienols were better than tocopherols in oil systems (Seppanen et ah, 2010). Recently, Muller et ah (2010) conducted a comparative study to investigate the four tocopherols, four tocotrienols, and a-tocopheryl acetate on their antioxidant activities in five different popular in vitro assays (FRAP, a-TEAC, DPPH, ORAC, and CL), which were adapted to nonpolar antioxidants. Most notably, they found that a-tocopheryl acetate, a popular ingredient in supplements, had no significant antioxidant activity in vitro. However, once ingested, tocol esters are hydrolyzed and antioxidant activities are retained. Overall, the eight tocols performed similarly in the five assays. The authors concluded that in vitro antioxidant assays performed in polar solvents are not a good way to predict in vivo antioxidant activity. 

Cleansing creams and lotions are detergent-based or emulsified oil systems that are designed primarily for the removal of surface oil, pollutants, or cellular debris along with makeup from the face and neck areas. Most emulsified cleansing creams are manufactured similar to cold creams but modified to enhance their debris-removal capability. They usually contain from 15 to 50 percent oils (e.g., mineral oil, vegetable oils, fatty esters, and propoxylated oils) with limited quantities of waxy materials. 

Nakagawa et al. studied the chiral discrimination in the transport of ketoprofen and ibuprofen esters through an aqueous phase mediated by various serum albumins [41]. Serum albumins that act as carriers discriminated between enantiomers of alkyl esters of ketoprofen and ibuprofen in transport in the O/W/O (oil/water/oil) system using a U-shaped cell. The transport rate and the preferred enantiomer of the esters were substantially affected by pH, temperature, and species of albumin. Among five serum albumins studied, bovine serum albumin (BSA) showed the largest rate constant, and rat serum albumin (RSA) manifested the highest enantio-selectivity. Regarding enantiomer selectivity in overall transport, it is anticipated that the ester uptake step plays an important role for BSA, whereas the ester release is the key step for RSA. 

Glass flber reinforced epoxy, polyester and vinyl ester piping systems have been used for over 40 years to control corrosion problems in oil flelds, chemical plant, industrial plant and municipal water and wastewater transport [8,9]. 

The knowledge of the phase behavior of surfactants or polymers in water or in oils is a basic understanding of the properties of these systems, and it is very important for surfactant industrial applications. It has been found that depending on the temperature or composition, the surfactants form a variety of self-assembled structures in water and oils or in both [54-63]. In comparison to the aqueous systems, the surfactant/oil systems offer less variety of self-assembled structures [9, 64—68]. In the following sections, the phase behavior of mono- and diglycerol fatty acid esters in a variety of organic oils will be described. 

Shrestha, LK., Kaneko, M., Sato, T., Acharya, D.P., Iwanaga, T and Kunieda, H. (2006) Phase behavior of diglycerol fatty add esters-non polar oil systems. Langmuir, 22,1449-1454. 

There is on record at least one investigation leading to the emulsion synthesis of YBa2Cu307 x powders [207]. The basic solvent system was Tween 85, poly(oxyethylene) sorbitan ester/kerosene (oil phase). The aqueous phase containing dissolved salts Ba(N03)2, Cu(N03)2.3H20 and Y(N03)3.H20 in proper proportions was added into the surfactant/oil system under stirring which was continued for several hours after the addition was complete. An ultrasonic disruptor was used for decreasing the aqueous droplet size. This emulsion was added drop by drop into hot (180"C) kerosene. The product powders were washed with toluene... 

Ontiveros, J.F., C. Pierlot, M. Catte et al. 2013. Classification of ester oils according to their equivalent alkane carbon number (EACN) and asymmetry of fish diagrams of C10E4/ester oU/water systems. J Colloid... 

Tribological systems typically do not contain pure polycarbonate, but polycarbonate blends (PC/ABS and PC/PBT) are used often in the automotive industry. It is known that ester oils or polyglycols cause stress-cracking in polycarbonate [836]. 

Although textile fiber microemulsions used to contain roughly equal amounts of mineral oil and emulsifiers (sulfated triglycerides, alkanolamines and potassium soaps), more modem systems are based on thermally stable ester oils and mainly nonionic ethoxylated emulsifiers. Alkyl phosphate esters, sulfonated mineral oils and dialkyl sulfosuccinates are employed as antistatic agents. ... 

Synonyms PPG-1 myristyl ether acetate 1-Propanol, 2-(tetradecyloxy)-, acetate Definition Ester of propylene glycol myristyl ether and acetic acid Uses Emollient, solvent, plasticizer for anhyd. oil systems, emulsions emollient in cosmetics... 

As already mentioned, one outstanding property of microemiflsions is their excellent solubilization capacity. This can be explained in terms of very good efficacy of suitable emulsifier combinations resulting in an extremely low interfacial tension between the oil and the aqueous phase. A potential application is, e.g., the solubilization of perfume oils. Perfume oils are rather polar as compared with oils that are usually used in cosmetic formulations, e.g., paraffin or ester oils. This is validated by both the dielectric coefficients and the interfacial tension between oil and aqueous phase (Table 1). In particular, the relatively low interfacial tension without addition of a sinfac-tant indicates that the perfume oil may act, at least partially, as a lipophilic cosurfactant. A similar result was found for geraniol, a doubly unsaturated monoterpene alcohol, which is one of the most used perfume chemicals [24]. It plays a role both as cosurfactant at the interface and as cosolvent in the oil phase in a system consisting of octyl monoglycoside/geraniol/cyclohex-ane/water. 

In certain brilliantine compositions, vegetable and animal oils are used as substitutes for mineral oil. In these systems, because of their potential for rancidity, antioxidants must be included. Other alternatives to mineral oils that have found utiHty in brilliantines are the polyethylene glycols which come in a variety of solubiHties and spreading properties. Use of these materials offers the advantage of chemical stabiHty to rancidity. Other additives found in brilliantines to improve their aesthetics include colorants, fragrance, medicated additives, lanolin, and fatty acid esters. 

Some fixed oils, such as cottonseed oil or peanut oil, and esters, eg, isopropyl myristate, may be used as solvent systems for parenteral dmgs. 

Ammonia has low miscibility in mineral oils, alkylbenzenes, and polyol ester lubricants, particularly at low temperatures. A typical ammonia system uses a coalescing separator that removes all oil in droplet or aerosol form and drains it back to the compressor. Sometimes separators are equipped with some means of cooling the discharge gas to condense any oil that is discharged as a vapor. 

Many other compounds are presendy in use a 1993 database search showed 27 active ingredients in 212 products registered by the U.S. EPA for human use as repellents or feeding depressants, including octyl bicycloheptene dicarboxamide (A/-2-ethylhexylbicyclo[2.2.1]-5-hepten-2,3-dicarboxamide), dipropyl isocinchomeronate (2,5-pyridine dicarboxyhc acid, dipropyl ester), dimethyl phthalate, oil of citroneUa, cedarwood oil, pyrethrins, and pine tar oil (2). Repellent—toxicant or biting depressant systems are available which are reasonably comfortable for the user and can protect completely against a number of pests for an extended period of time (2). 

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