Essential oil of bergamot

Linalyl acetate is the principal constituent of the essential oils of bergamot, clary sage, lavender and lavandin. It is also present in the essential oils of Salvia officinalis, petitgrain, sassafras, neroli, lemon, lime, a few Mentha species and others. 

The present review will focus on the pharmacological activities of BEO. Particular attention has been devoted to antinociceptive characteristics of BEO to discuss the possible role of linalool or linalyl acetate (Fig. 1), which is present in the essential oil of bergamot as well as other aromatic plants. 

Morrone, L. A., Rombola, L., Corasaniti, M. T., Zappettini, S., Paudice, P., Bonanno, G., and Bagetta, G. (2007). The essential oil of bergamot enhances the levels of amino acid neurotransmitters in the hippocampus of rat Implication of monoterpene hydrocarbons. Pharmacol. Res. 55,... 

Linalyl acetate (3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-yl acetate) Found in essential oils of bergamot, lavender, lavandin, spike lavender, Clary sage, neroli and petitgrain. Floral, fruity, sweet and herbaceous odour. 

Furocoumarins, e.g. bergaptene (5-methyloxypsoralen) (Fig. 3.11) Found in essential oil of bergamot (about 0.3%) and in small amounts in orange, mandarin and lemon. 

Constit. of the essential oils of bergamot, lemon and wild carrot. Oil. Bpjo 5 129-130°. [a]2 -84.4°. 

This recipe can be prepared with fresh herbs or essential oils if desired. To substitute essential oils, add 30 drops each of essential oils of rosemary, sage, juniper, eucalyptus, or bergamot to 1 quart (11) of water. 

P-bisabolene. The latter also oeeurs in Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (Cupressaceae) and in the Sibirian pine tree Piims sibirica (Pinaceae). (+)-a- and (+)-p-bisabolol are fragrant sesquiterpenes found in the essential oils of various plants they also contribute to the odors of camomile and of bergamot oil from unripe fruits of Citrus aurantium var. bergamia (Rutaceae) growing in southern Italy. 

Natural resin paints natural resins (e.g., shellac) or chemical modified natural resins (e.g., colophonium derivates), additions (e.g., methyl cellulose, natural latex, casein), inorganic, organic pigments (mainly natural origin), mineral fillers, additives (organic solvents alcohols, terpenes, oil of turpentine, limonenes), essential oils (eucalyptus oil, oil of rosemary, oil of bergamot) various applications... 

A double-blind randomized trial was conducted on 66 women undergoing abortions (Wiebe, 2000). Ten minutes were spent snif ng a numbered container with either a mixture of the essential oils (vetivert, bergamot, and geranium) or a hair conditioner (placebo). Aromatherapy involving essential oils was no more effective than having patients sniff other pleasant odors in reducing... 

A group of 313 patients undergoing radiotherapy were randomly assigned to receive either carrier oil with fractionated oils, carrier oil only, or pure essential oils of lavender, bergamot, and... 

Found in essential oils, including bergamot, jasmine, ylang-ylang and neroli. Used in perfumery as artificial orange blossom fragrance, also employed extensively in the form of its Schiffs bases (e.g. with Hydroxycitronellal). Cryst. Mp 24-25°. Bpi5 133.5°. 

C10H13O. B.p. 225-226"C. A terpenic alcohol and a constituent of neroli, petit-grain and bergamot, and of many other essential oils. Nerol has a blander smell than its isomer, geraniol, and is more valuable as a constituent of perfumes. 

Linalol is a tertiary alcohol of the formula Cj HjgO, which, with its acetic ester (and traces of other esters) forms the basis of the perfume,of bergamot and lavender oils. By dehydration linalol is converted into terpenes of which the principal are limonene and dipentene, and by esterification into its acetic ester. The examination of the essential oil at different periods of the development of the bergamot fruit has led Charabot and Laloue to the following conclusions. As the fruit matures the essential oil undergoes the following modifications —... 

Limonene occurs freely in nature, forming the greater part of oils of lemon and orange, and found to a large extent in caraway, dill, bergamot, and many other essential oils. 

Linalol is found very widely distributed in essential oils. It forms the principal constituent, in the free state, of oil of linaloe, and the chief odorous constituent, in the form of esters, in bergamot and lavender oils. It is also found in ylang-ylang, rose, champaca leaf, cinnamon, petit-grain, spike, geranium, lemon, spearmint, and numerous. other essential oils. 

The esters belonging to the geraniol series of alcohols are absolutely indispensable in the manufacture of artificial perfumes. When it is remembered that these esters are present in such oils as bergamot, rose, geranium, lavender, petit-grain, neroli, and numerous other sweetsmelling essential oils, it will readily be seen how useful they are in building up similar perfumes artificially. 

Terpinyl Acetate.—The acetic acid ester of terpipeol is also a natural ester. It nas a refreshing odour, and is often described as being a bergamot and lavender substitute. The writer, however, considers this description unjustifiable, and that it is really due to the fact that it is so often used and recommended as an adulterant for these two essential oils. Terpinyl acetate isia colourless oil, of the formula... 

Esters, or salts of alkyl radicles, such as linalyl acetate, etc., are frequently the most important constituents of essential oils. Their importance is especially noteworthy in such cases as lavender , bergamot, peppermint, and wintergreen oils, and their estimation is very frequently necessary. The principle upon which this depends is the fact that most esters are decomposed by solution of caustic alkali (preferably in alcohol) according to the equation—... 

As the free acids present in essential oils consist in the main of acetic acid, they are, when necessary, calculated in terms of acetic acid in the same way the esters are conventionally calculated from the alkali required for their hydrolysis, in terms of the principal ester present, for example, linalyl acetate in the case of lavender and bergamot oUs, and geranyl tiglate in the case of geranium oil. 

The Detection of Artificial Esters in Essential Oils.—The custom of valuing certain essential oils, such as lavender, bergamot, geranium, petit-grain, etc., by the determination of their ester-content, has led to the use of scientific adulterants in the form of artificial esters which have been deliberately employed for the purpose of misleading the analyst. Of course, the ester determination is not a true criterion of value, as most of this class of oUs owe their perfume value to various other bodies as well. The first compounds of this nature employed for adulteration were ethyl succinate and ethyl oxalate. For the detection of these in lavender oil the foUowing test was proposed by Guildemeister and Hoffman —... 

The enantiomeric differentiation of linalool is useful in the quality control of essential oils and oleoresins, as it was found to provide an important indication of the authenticity of many herbs and spices. The enantiomeric composition of linalool has been determined in many essential oils, including basil, bergamot, rosemary, lavandin, lavender, balm, coriander, mace. Pelargonium, rose, Cymbopogon, lemon, mandarin, Osman-thus, davana, jasmine, Lippia alba and orange, as well as in many fruit... 

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